AP Biology Midterm

Units 1 - 5

What structure of a protein is dependent on the R-Group?

Tertiary

What structure of protein is NOT dependent on the R-Group?

Secondary

What are the orders of protein structures?

Primary - Secondary - Tertiary - Quaternary

When two amino acids join, they form a \_______

dipeptide

Proteins are built out of \_______

Amino Acids

List the parts and pieces of an Amino Acid. Explain the functions of these parts.

Amino Group - NH2
Carboxyl Group - COOH
R Group - (Sidechain)
a. Polarity
b. Charge
c. Shape
Hydrogen - Hydrogen atom
Central Carbon - Carbon in center

Cellulose acts as a \_______

cell wall

Glycogen stores sugar in \_____

animals

Starch stores sugar in \_____

plants

What makes up Maltose?

Glucose + Glucose

What makes up Sucrose?

Glucose + Fructose

What makes up Lactose?

glucose + galactose

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chain?

These fatty acid chains are both triglycerides and lipids. The saturated has single bonds while the unsaturated has double bonds creating kinks in its shape.

What molecules make up Lipids?

CHO

What molecules Carbohydrates?

CHO

What molecules make up Nucleic Acids?

CHNOP

What molecules make up Proteins?

CHON

What is the monomer of a Protein?

amino acid

What is the monomer of a Carbohydrate?

Monosaccharide/glucose/simple sugar

What is the monomer of a Nucleic Acid?

Nucleotides

What is the Polymer of a Nucleic Acid?

DNA and RNA

What is the Polymer of a Lipids?

triglycerides and phospholipids and cholestrol

What is the Polymer of a Proteins?

polypeptide

What is the Polymer of a Carbohydrate?

polysaccharide

What is the bond of a Carbohydrate?

glycosidic bond

What is the bond of a Nucleic Acids?

Sugar-phosphate phosphodiester bonds

What is the bond of a Lipids?

ester bond

What is the bond of a Proteins?

peptide bonds

Give three examples of polysaccharides:

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

What does Proteins do in the fluid mosaic model?

- Help transport molecules across the surface
Receptors
- consist of both nonpolar and polar regions which correspond with the plasma membrane

What does Cholesterol do in the fluid mosaic model?

Helps the cell maintain fluidity by holding the phospholipids together when needed

What do Carbohydrates do in the fluid mosaic model?

- Short for Glyco (glycolipid/glycoprotein)
FINGERPRINT
- Play a huge role in communication
- cell-cell recognition

- Hold on to proteins called glycoproteins
- Hold on to a phospholipid are called glycolipids

- glycoproteins - cell to cell recognition (antigens)
- glycolipids - facilitate cellular communication and cell to cell communication

What are the characteristics of life?

Living things are organized made of cells
They acquire materials and energy
They maintain homeostasis
They respond to stimuli
And reproduce
They grow and develop
They adapt
And die

Why does the cell membrane need to be fluid?

The fluidity of the cell membrane allows it to be 'differentially permeable'

meaning that only certain kinds of molecules can pass through it. This is extremely important, in order to maintain the concentration levels from the external environment to the internal environment, which is accomplished when water (solvent) is constantly pushed and in and out of the cell to mix with high concentrated solutes. This process is named, diffusion.

How do you find the temperature in Kelvin

C+273

Cell walls of plants, prokaryotes, and fungi are composed of \______

Carbohydrates

\____________ provides mechanical support, carries out protein synthesis on membrane-bound ribosomes, and plays a role in intracellular transport.

Endoplasmic reticulum

\_________ contain hydrolytic enzymes, which are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of the cell's organic materials, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Lysosomes

What does the cell theory state?

1. All living things are made up of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells

What are the 3 domains of organisms?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine

Purine - 2 rings
Pyrimidine - 1

Name the purines

Adenine and Guanine

Name the pyrmidines

CUT - cytosine, uracil, thymine

What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

What are the parts in a nucleotide

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

What holds two nitrogenous bases together

hydrogen bonds

What nitrogenous bases match

Cytosine - Guanine
Adenine - Thymine
Uracil - Thymine

What is the name for the movement of water up stems

Capillary action

How does capillary action work?

Capillary action only occurs when the adhesive forces are stronger than the cohesive forces, which invariably becomes surface tension, in the liquid.

What does the Sodium Potassium pump?

3 NA for 2 K K

What is the main cause for turgor pressure

Vacuoles

Name the properties of water

On the lower side of the pH scale is it acidic, basic, or neutral

Acidic

The lower the pH the concentration of \____ is low and the concentration of \____ is high

OH, H+

List the biological levels of organization

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Does active or passive transportation require ATP

Active

Name 3 types of passive transportation

Diffusion
Facilitated
Osmosis

Name the 3 types of Bulk Transportation and what they do

Pinocytosis - cell drinking
Phagocytosis - cell eating
Receptor Mediated endocytosis

List the classes in the class system

Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup
Domain
Kingdom
Philium
Class
Order
Family
Gene
Species

What are the sections in the class Eukaraya

Do you karaya For Pots And Plants
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Protista

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

Fimbrae

Structural adaptation spikes that allow bacteria to stick to the environment

What happens in the light-dependent reactions?

water is split, NADPH, ATP and Oxygen are products

What happens in the Calvin Cycle

use ATP and NADPH from Light-Dependent reaction to reduce CO2 into glucose

What are the 6 main elements found in all living things

CHNOPS

What are two specific features/characteristics of DNA in eukaryotes

1. DNA is made of linear chromosomes
2. DNA is located in the nucleus

Where are lipids made?

Smooth ER

A granum is a stack of \___________.

thylakoids

Name the reactants and products of cellular respiration

Reactants: sugar + oxygen
Products: CO2 + water + ATP

Name the reactants and products of photosynthesis

Reactants: carbon dioxide and water + light
Products: oxygen and glucose/carbohydrates

List 5 pieces of evidence to support the idea of the endosymbiosis theory

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have:
1. Double membranes
2. Ribosomes
3. Circular DNA
4. Can grow and reproduce independently within the cell
5. Have genes in their DNA that code for proteins

What is equilibrium?

the equal movement of particles in both directions with no net movement/change

Name two similarities and two differences between facilitated and and simple diffusion

Similarities:
- Both do NOT require energy (passive transportation)
- solute moves from a high to a low concentration (with the concentration gradient)
Differences:
- Facilitated diffusion requires a protein
- Simple diffusion supports nonpolar solutes while Facilitated diffusion transports polar/charged molecules

Is it active or passive transportation:
Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Active

Is it active or passive transportation:
Using carrier proteins

Both active and passive

Is it active or passive transportation:
Substrates move against the concentration gradient

Active

Is it active or passive transportation:
Requires energy

Active

Is it active or passive transportation:
Substrates move directly through the phospholipid bilayer

Passive

Common Features for all living things:

DNA/RNA and Ribosomes
Universal Genetic Code
Shared Metabolic Pathways

What is Inheritance?

the process by which all of this: DNA, Universal Genetic Code and Metabolic pathways are passed down through the offspring cells.

What does the common features for all living things tell us?

- all organisms are linked by LUCA
- In eukaryotes, conserved core elements provide evidence for evolution: presence of cytoskeleton, a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes and endomembrane systems

What were Mendels Laws?

1. Law of Dominance
2. Law of Segregation
3. Law of Independent Assortment

What does the Law of Dominance state?

One trait/factor can be dominant over another.
- Tall plants are dominant over short plants
- Yellow peas are dominant over green peas

What does the Law of Segregation state?

a. Each individual has 2 factors (alleles) for each trait
b. The factors segregate (separate) during the formation of gametes (Anaphase I)
c. Each gamete contains only 1 factor from each pair of factors
d. Fertilization gives each new individual two factors (on homologous pairs) for each trait

What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?

a. Each pair of factors (alleles) assorts independently of the other pairs.
b. All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes.

What is a genotype?

genetic makeup of an organism

What is Homozygous?

organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait
- TT or tt

What is Heterozygous?

Organisms have two different alleles for a particular trait.
- Tt

What is a phenotype?

physical characteristics of an organism

What are Alleles?

alternate forms of a gene that occur at the same gene locus (specific location) on homologous chromosomes

In single celled organisms, signal transduction pathways influence...

how the CELL responds to its environment
(quorum sensing, chemotaxis)

In multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways coordinate...

the activities within individual cells that SUPPORT THE FUNCTION OF THE organism as a whole
(temperature determination of sex in vertebrates, epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals)

What are the 3 forms of Genetic Recombination in Meiosis?

- Crossing Over
- Independent Assortment
- Fertilization

What is crossing over, and when does it occur?

during Prophase I, exchange of non-sister chromatids within homologous pairs

What is independent assortment, and when does it occur?

each parental homologous pair can line up either way during Metaphase I
(RANDOM)

What is fertilization, and when does it occur?

variation in which sperm will fertilize which egg

What is Nondisjunction?

failure of either homologous pairs or sister chromatids to separate

What is a Karyotype?

visual display of the chromosomes arranged by size shape and banding pattern