World History U6 Study Guide

Agricultural Revolution

New methods and technology in farming which led to increased food production.

Enclosures

Land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, changed to privately owned land, usually fenced.

Crop Rotation

Rotating crops to prevent soil nutrient depletion, optimizing nutrition flow in crops through different cycles.

Industrial Revolution Dates

1760 - 1840, marking the period of major industrial growth.

First Industrialized Country

England, which became the first country to industrialize in the 1700s.

Natural Resources required for Industrialization

Include water power, coal for fueling machines, and iron ore for constructing machines, tools, and buildings.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural (farm) areas to urban (city) areas.

Class Identity

Recognizing one's social class, with distinctions among working class, middle class, and upper class.

Cult of Domesticity

The belief that women should focus on home and domestic duties.

Crystal Palace

A cast iron and plate glass structure built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851.

Great Exhibition of 1851

An event showcasing technological advancements developed during the Industrial Revolution.

First vs. Second Industrial Revolution

First focuses on basic necessities; Second includes higher inventions like cars and planes.

Working Conditions during the Industrial Revolution

Characterized by long hours, low wages, safety hazards, and poor sanitary conditions.

Child Labor

The employment of children in factories and mines, often leading to exploitation and dangerous conditions.

Factory Act (1833)

Legislation that made it illegal to hire children under 9 years old and restricted working hours for young workers.

Mines Act (1842)

Legislation that prohibited women and children from working in mines.

Labor Movement

Movement advocating for workers' rights and better working conditions, including the establishment of labor unions.

Women's Suffrage

The movement advocating for women's right to vote, gaining traction in the 1800s.

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the Spinning Jenny, which made yarn production easier and textiles more affordable.

James Watt

Inventor of the Steam Engine, pivotal in pumping water out of mines and powering machines.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the Cotton Gin, facilitating quick separation of cotton fibers from seeds.

Henry Bessemer

Inventor of the Steel Process, revolutionizing steel production from iron ore.

Edward Jenner

Inventor of the Smallpox Vaccine, significantly improving public health by providing immunity.

Guglielmo Marconi

Inventor of the Radio, with the purpose of transmitting information across distances.

Thomas Edison

Inventor of the Phonograph, designed to transcribe telegraphic messages.

Henry Ford

Inventor of the Model T car, making automobile ownership affordable for the masses.

Louis Pasteur

Proposed the Germ Theory, identifying bacteria as causes of food spoilage and illness.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone, enabling voice communication over long distances.

Wright Brothers

Inventors of the Airplane, impacting transportation and military capabilities.

Milicent Fawcett

A suffragist who emphasized women's education and peacefully protested for women's voting rights.

Emily Davison

A suffragette who sacrificed her life for women's rights by protesting at a horse race.

Caroline Norton

Advocate against child labor and for women's rights, instrumental in legal reforms regarding custody rights.

Emmeline Pankhurst

Founder of the Women's Social and Political Union, known for militant strategies in the suffrage movement.

Constance Markievicz

First woman elected to the British House of Commons, known for her nationalist views and political activism.