World History U6 Study Guide

1. Agricultural Revolution

   • Define Agricultural Revolution

New methods and technology in farming which led to increased food production which in turn led to an increase in population

• Enclosures

Land that had formerly been owned in a common by all members of a village -> it was changed to privately owned land, usually with walls, fences or hedges around it

• Crop Rotation

Rotating crops so the crops don't deplete the soil of nutrients; each crop gives nutrients to the next crop in the cycle (three-field system)

2. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

   • Dates of the Industrial Revolution (first industrial revolution)

1760 - 1840

• Which country was the first to be industrialized?

England (1700’s)

• What 3 things should a country have to be able to industrialize?

Natural Resources

• Water power and coal to fuel machines

• Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings

• Rivers for transporting

Good economy

• To invest in new inventions

A stable government

• Why were some countries slow to industrialize?

They did not have the three factors

• Which industry was the first to industrialize?

The textile (fabric) industry which was powered by Watt’s Steam engine and led to inventions such as the spinning jenny  (caused cotton production to increase)

3. Social Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

• Define “Urbanization”

  • movement of people from rural (farm) to urban (city) areas

• Explain “Class Identity”

  • Working class: laborers (often poor) Luddites: destroyed machinery because they were taking over their jobs

  • Middle class:

Was growing at a fast pace, the largest class

Factory owners, merchants, and bankers

Neither rich nor poor 

• Upper class:

Hereditary

• Knowing what class you are and the rise of the middle class

• Explain “Cult of Domesticity”

• The belief that women should stay in the house and do housework

• What was the Crystal Palace?

• Cast iron and plate glass structure originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851

• What was the Great Exhibition of 1851?

• An exhibition that displayed  examples of technology developed in the Industrial Revolution

• First Industrial Revolution vs. Second Industrial Revolution

• First - basic necessities 

• Second - higher inventions - cars, planes, etc 

4. Problems of the Industrial Revolution

   • Luddites

• Farmers pushed off their farms and forced into factories.

• Opposed technological change 

•  They often destroyed machines because they were taking their jobs. 

• What were working conditions like

• Long working hours with no breaks (12-16)

• Low wages

• Safety issues: no fire escapes, windows, and doors were often locked

• In factories people were breathing in lint and smoke and were in danger of losing limbs to the machines

• In mines people worked in darkness, inhaling coal dust, were always in danger of explosions, tunnel collapses, and flooding, and had to carry heavy loads

• Child Labor

• Many children worked long hours in factories and mines and did not go to school. 

• Their small hands were often used to fix machines 

• Many accidents were caused by their limbs getting caught in machines

• In mines they sat and opened air vents, working in very hot conditions. 

5. Industrial Revolution Reforms

   • Factory Act

   • (1833) 

   • Illegal to hire children under 9 years old 

   • Children ages 9-12 can’t work more than 8 hours a day

   • Children from 13-17 could not work more than 12 hours a day 

   • Mines Act

   • 1842

   • Prevented women and children in the mines

   • Ten Hours Act

   • 1847

   • Limited the workday to ten hours

   • Parliament Act 1911

   • Asserted the supremacy of the House Commons by limiting the legislation, blocking powers of the House of Lords

   • Reduced the maximum term of a parliament member from 7 years to 5 years

   • *******Got rid of the hereditary privileges of the House of Lords in 1999 

   • Labor Movement

   • Labor unions

     1. Where workers gathered in voluntary protests 

   • Things to help to workers in factories 

   • Chartist Movement

   • A petition to parliament (The People's Charter 1838) wanted to extend the right to vote for all men

   • After 1884 most adult males in Britain had the right to vote

   • Women's Suffrage

   • Suffrage: right to vote 

   • Started in the 1800’s

   • Women’s social and political union (WSPU) became a militant organization for women’s rights

   • Goal- draw attention to women’s rights 

   • Date women get suffrage in England

     1. 1928

   • Date women get suffrage in the US

     1. 1919

6. Important People

   • James Hargreaves

     1. Invented the Spinning Jenny

     2. Made creating yarn easier and textiles more affordable 

   • James Watt

     1. Invented the Steam Engine

     2. Used to pump water out of mines and to power blast bellows 

   • Eli Whitney

     1. Invented the Cotton Gin

     2. Machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from seeds 

   • Henry Bessemer

     1. Invented the Steel Process 

     2. Used to make steel from iron ore

   • Edward Jenner 

     1. Invented the Smallpox Vaccine

     2. Vaccine that helped humans develop immunity from smallpox 

   • Guglielmo Marconi

     1. Invented the Radio

     2. Purpose was to convey information from one place to another 

   • Thomas Edison

     1. Invented the Phonograph

     2. Purpose was to transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper 

   • Henry Ford

     1. Invented the Model Ford T 

     2. First car that's affordable for the majority of the lower class 

   • Louis Pasteaur

     1. Invented the Germ Theory

     2. He proved food spoiled from bacteria, and humans became sick from germs not smell of animal carcasses 

   • Alexander Graham Bell

     1. Invented the telephone 

     2. Allowed people to communicate by voice over long distances 

   • Wright Brothers

     1. Invented the Airplane

     2. Used for transportation, recreation, military, etc

   • Milicent Fawcett

     1. She focused on the importance of women’s education

     2. Founded the Suffragist movement

     3. Led peaceful protests  

   • Emily Davison

     1. Gave her life for the suffrage movement when she was wounded after being stepped on by King’s horse 

   • Caroline Norton

     1.  Married to an abusive husband

     2. Published eloquent works about stopping child labor and her time with her husband

     3. Helped pass the Divorce Act and the Infant Custody Bill after her husband refused to allow her to see her children 

   • Emmeline Pankhurst

     1. Founded WSPU (Women’s social and political union) 

     2. Helped employ military tactics - more violent than millicent 

     3. Arrested twice for protesting in front of Parliament 

   • Constance Markievicz

     1. Irish Nationalist 

     2. First women elected into British House of Commons - denied the seat

     3. Ensured that Winston Churchill would be defeated in Manchester by election

     4. Second women in the world to hold a cabinet position as Minister for Labour in Irish Government