Unit 1: Part 2 Psych Terms

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hindsight bias

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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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replication

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Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

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23 Terms

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hindsight bias

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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replication

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

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sampling bias

A flawed sampling process produces an unrepresentative sample.

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random sample

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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random assignment

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between different groups.

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confounding variables

Other factors that can potentially influence a study’s results.

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skewed distribution

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.

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illusory correlation

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship.

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validity

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

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reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting

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case study

study one individual in great depth

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survey

asking people to report on their behavior and/or opinions

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naturalistic observation

describing observed behavior

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descriptive research method

to observe and record behavior

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correlational research method

to detect naturally occurring relationships; to asses how well one variable predicts another

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experimental research method

to explore cause and effect

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double-blind procedure

neither the subject nor the experimenter should know who was assigned to each group

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random assignment

subjects should be randomly assigned by chance to the different groups

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positive correlation

when one variable goes up, so does the other (closer to +1.0)

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negative correlation

when one variable goes up, the other goes down (closer to -1.0)

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no correlation

no clear relationship indicated

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standard deviation

a measure of how far a score differs from the mean (the larger the standard deviation, the more the scores are dispersed)

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range

the gap between the highest and lowest score