The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
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replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.
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sampling bias
A flawed sampling process produces an unrepresentative sample.
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random sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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random assignment
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between different groups.
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confounding variables
Other factors that can potentially influence a study’s results.
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skewed distribution
A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.
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illusory correlation
Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship.
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validity
The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to
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reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting
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case study
study one individual in great depth
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survey
asking people to report on their behavior and/or opinions
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naturalistic observation
describing observed behavior
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descriptive research method
to observe and record behavior
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correlational research method
to detect naturally occurring relationships; to asses how well one variable predicts another
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experimental research method
to explore cause and effect
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double-blind procedure
neither the subject nor the experimenter should know who was assigned to each group
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random assignment
subjects should be randomly assigned by chance to the different groups
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positive correlation
when one variable goes up, so does the other (closer to +1.0)
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negative correlation
when one variable goes up, the other goes down (closer to -1.0)
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no correlation
no clear relationship indicated
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standard deviation
a measure of how far a score differs from the mean (the larger the standard deviation, the more the scores are dispersed)
Studied by 14 people
