Motivation and Emotion

motivation

the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

extrinsic motivation

a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.

intrinsic motivation

a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

instincts

the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.

drive

a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

drive-reduction theory

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

primary drives

those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst

Secondary drives

those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval

homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Yerkes-Dodson law

performance is related to arousal

incentives

things that attract or lure people into action

self-actualization

according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

set point theory

the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

leptin

a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full

anorexia nervosa

a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs

bulimia nervosa

a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain

emotion

the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings

James-Lange theory of emotion

theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. I am afraid because I am shaking

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. I am shaking and afraid at the same time

Schachter's and Singer / Two Factor

theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. That huge bear is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Humanist theory of motivation that says we must first fulfill lower level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self actualization
Physiological-Safety-Belongingness and Love-Esteem-Cognitive-Self Actualization

ventromedial hypothalamus

stops the eating response

lateral hypothamalus

initiates the eating response

Achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

The tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A model of the body's response to chronic stress

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

Sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Type A

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

easygoing, relaxed people

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Emotion is something that is caused by our thought cognition.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

The study of the interactions among the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems

psychophysiological illness

literally, "mind-body" illness

carthasis hypothesis

idea that we feel better if we blow off steam by venting our emotions.

facial feedback hypothesis

the idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them

behavioral medicine

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and diseas