review

depressant effects: prescribed for pain relief. morphine, oxycodone

opioids

regulates the body's calcium balance

thyroid

similar to waking brain activity but blocked in the brainstem, characterized by rich, hallucinatory, story-like dreaming

NREM-3

sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified unlike nightmares night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep and are unlikely to be remembered. Usually dissipates into young adulthood.

night terrors

vivid, emotional and often bizarre. 8 in 10 reported containing a negative event

REM dreams

produces testosterone

testes

chemical substance used purposefully to alter perception, mood, or consciousness

hallucinogens

secreted in the ovaries, regulates the menstrual cycle

progesterone

stimulates bone & muscle growth

HGH

distort perceptions and evoke hallucinations. LSD, marijuana

psychoactive drugs

slow brain waves, when bedwetting most common

NREM-2

Examination of a deceased individual's body

autopsy

computed tomography. A combined computer and X ray image showing slices of the skull from multiple angles including the soft tissues of the brain

CT scan

regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hr cycle

circadian rhythm

located above the kidneys, produces adrenaline and corticosteroids

adrenal glands

no larger than a pea, controls the function of other glands

pituitary

produces progesterone & estrogen

ovaries

the idea that REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories which are then woven into a narrative

neural activation/activation synthesis

electroencephalogram, electrodes placed in specific locations around the skull detect changes in electrical activity and display them visually

EEG

activated by light sensitive proteins in the retina, triggers pineal gland to reduce melatonin

superchiasmatic nucleus

secreted in the ovaries, responsible for secondary female sex characteristics

estrogen

similar to waking alpha and beta brain woves, lasting 10 minutes, hypnagogic experiences and sudden movements

NREM-1

secreted by the pineal gland and regulated the sleep wake cycle

melatonin

Removal or damage of regions of the brain and studying corresponding behaviour changes under controlled conditions

lesion studies

formulated by Schachter and Singer's adrenaline studies - all emotions are the product of awareness of physiological state and cognitive labelling of the environment

2-factor theory of emotion

regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

physiological function

Travel in the blood, indirectly affect behavior/alter probability of a behavior and have long term/duration effects

hormones

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and momentary awakenings. Repeated hundreds of times per night. Results in lowered REM sleep. Affects overweight males most. Treated with external breathing aids (CPAP)

sleep apnea

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (from awakenings)

REM rebound

marked by sleep spindles, lasting 20 minutes

NREM-2

Positron emission tomography - injection of radioactive sugars shows parts of the brain consuming then and undergoing metabolic use

PET scan

drugs that reduce neural activity. Sleeping pills, alcohol

depressants

secreted in the pituitary gland, released during birth and physical stimulation during breast feeding. Involved in formation of social bonds and stress reduction

oxytocin

depression linked to the beginning and the end of winter

SAD

chemical substance that excites neural activity. Caffeine, cocaine

stimulants

the idea that dream content reflects the dreamers level of cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding

cognitive development

Magnetic resonance imagery, observation of radio waves in a body and soft tissues in a strong magnetic field

MRI

secreted in the adrenal glands, changes the body's metabolism of sugars into fats and response to stress

cortisol

stimulates milk production in females

prolactin

Dreams helps sort out the day's events and consolidate memory. Dreams can contain unexperienced events

information processing

dreams preserve sleep and provide a "psychic safety valve" expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings or thoughts

wish fulfilment

sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind

dreams

sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. Usually lasting less than 5 minutes. Lapsing directly into REM sleep. Affects estimated 1 in 2000 individuals. Genetic origin and treated with medications

narcolepsy

secreted in the adrenal glands, responsible for the fight or flight response

adrenaline

CT scan

MRI