Emotional Regulation/Development

Effortful Control

The capacity to voluntarily regulate attention and behaviours when responding to challenging stimuli.

Inhibitory Control

Suppression of a dominant/preferred response in favor of an acceptable response.

Parental Emotional Regulation

Parents' emotional regulation plays a major role on the child's; factors include parents' depression or anxiety, resilience to distress, and their emotional expressivity.

Temperament

A person’s intensity of reactivity and regulation of emotions, activity, and attention.

Easy Temperament

Positive, regular, adaptive temperament (40%).

Difficult Temperament

Active, irregular, slow to adapt, reacts negatively (10%).

Slow-to-Warm-Up Temperament

Moody, inactive, slow to adapt, and withdrawn (15%).

Dimensions of Temperament

Includes activity, positive effect, fear, distress to limitations, soothability, and attention (Rothbart and Bates).

Components of Temperament

Includes negative reactivity, surgency, and orienting regulation (Rothbart and Bates).

Adult Personality (OCEAN)

Comprises openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Goodness of Fit Model

The compatibility between temperament and social environment (Thomas and Chess).

Attachment

An emotional bond with a specific person that lasts across space and time.

Ethological Approach

The view that attachment is inborn and adaptive for infants.

Imprinting

Innate and instinctual form of learning that occurs during a critical period.

Monkey Love Study (Harlow and Zimmerman)

An experiment where baby monkeys preferred a cloth mother for warmth over a machine mother for food.

Strange Situation Procedure (Ainsworth)

A method for assessing attachment styles through various caregiver interactions.

Secure Attachment

Characterized by distress when separation occurs but joy upon reunion (62%-68%).

Insecure Avoidant Attachment

Lack of distress during separation and avoidance of caregiver upon return (15%).

Insecure Resistant Attachment

Anxious upon separation and reluctant to explore (9%).

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

Desire for affection mixed with reluctance or fear (15%).

Moral Goodness

Feelings of concern for others and an inclination to help individuals in need.

Helper Hinder Paradigm

Preference for cooperative and empathetic characters over uncooperative ones.

Moral Retribution

The tendency to punish those who misbehave, especially evident in toddlers.

Aggression in Children

Physically aggressive at 18 months; relational aggression begins at 3 years.

Instrumental Aggression

Harm used to achieve specific goals, primarily seen in toddlers.

Hostile Aggression

Actions intended to cause harm, increases in toddlers before declining.

Relational Aggression

Non-physical aggression that harms social relationships, continuing through childhood.

Negative Emotions Development

Anger and fear intensify from months 4 to 16, with fear thought to be an evolutionary response.

Five Features of Emotions

Includes emotion elicitors, physiological changes, cognitive appraisal, emotional expression, and communicative function.

Primary/Basic Emotions

Include happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and disgust (developed in the first year).

Secondary/Complex Emotions

Self-conscious emotions like embarrassment, pride, guilt, and shame, emerge in the second year