the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions
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expectancy theory
Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome
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extrinsic reward
something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions
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goal-setting theory
the idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback and facilitated by organizational conditions
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Hawthorne effect
the tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied
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hygiene factors
in Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased
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intrinsic reward
the personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals
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job enlargement
a job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment
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job enrichment
a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself
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job rotation
a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another
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management by objective (MBO)
Peter Drucker's system of goal-setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs
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motivators
in Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction
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14
principle of motion economy
theory developed by Frank and Lilian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions
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scientific management
studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques
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time-motion studies
studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task
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