BIO OF SEX BIOL177 EXAM III

FSH receptors can be found on

anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

Theca cells

Leydig cells

Granulosa cells

Granulosa cells

LH is released from the

anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

Granulosa cells

Hypothalamus

Theca cells

Leydig cells

anterior pituitary

If GnRH levels are low then

FSH levels will be low

Prolactin levels will be low

Oxytocin levels will be high

LH levels will be high

FSH levels will be low

A cell must have a receptor to respond to a hormone

True

False

True

Which of the following classes of hormones are found in the body

Exogenous

Endogenous

Phytoestorgens

Xenoestrogens

None of these

Endogenous

Estrogen and inhibin signaling to reduce GnRH, and FSH production and secretion is an example of

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Positive feed forward

Negative feedforward

Negative feedback

Testosterone is necessary in both women and men for

gamete maturation

Libido

Orgasm

Hypothalamic activation

Pituitary growth and maturation

Libido

The milk "let down" reflex is stimulated by

prolactin

oxytocin

anterior pituitary hormones

mammary glands

FSH and LH

oxytocin

Blood GnRH concentration is always the same level in a mature adult

True

False

False

Which of the following cells make androgens?

Theca

Leydig

Gonadotrophs

Granulosa

Theca

Leydig

A fertilized egg in which the sperm and ovum nuclei have joined is also known as a (an)

fetus

zygote

morula

blastula

embryo

zygote

Order the following events

PERIMENOPAUSE

MENARCHE

MENOPAUSE

REPRODUCTIVE YEARS

1. MENARCHE

2. REPRODUCTIVE YEARS

3. PERIMENOPAUSE

4. MENOPAUSE

Which of the following statements about the cumulus oorphus is FALSE?

The cumulus oorphus is located beneath zona pellucida.

The cumulus oorphus consists of granulosa cells

The cumulus oorphus protects the oocyte.

The cumulus oorphus forms a barrier around the egg

Acrosomal enzymes of sperm digest the junctions between the cumulus cells

The cumulus oorphus is located beneath zona pellucida.

Place the following events in order.

OVULATION

CORPUS LUTEUM DEGRADES

LH SURGE

PROGESTERONE LEVELS INCREASE

1. LH SURGE

2. OVULATION

3. PROGESTERONE LEVELS INCREASE

4. CORPUS LUTEUM DEGRADES

Amniocentesis is a common test for

Chromosome abnormalties in an fetus

Chorionic Villi Sampling

Sex Ratios in the population

Maternal egg age

Chromosome abnormalties in an fetus

When does liquefaction occur?

20 mins after ejaculation- allows sperm to begin thier swim to the cervix

Once sperm have reached the egg and must break through the outer membranes of the egg

Prior to ejaculation in the prostate of the male reporductive tract

Once the sperm has depostited DNA into egg cel

20 mins after ejaculation- allows sperm to begin thier swim to the cervix

Chromosomes replicate during Meiosis II to ensure the proper amount of genetic material is passed on to progeny.

True

False

False

The _______ is an enzyme-filled structure on the head of the sperm. The release of these enzymes allows the sperm to digest a path through the _______ in order to fertilize an ovum.

midpiece, zona pellucida

acrosome, nucleus

mitochondria, corona radiata

acrosome, zona pellucida

flagellum, corona radiata

acrosome, zona pellucida

Crossing over

occurs during meiosis I

occurs during meiosis II

occurs during mitosis II

occurs during fertilization

occurs during meiosis I

Why do sperm fail to cross the cervix during the early follicular and luteal phases?

Cervical mucus is thickened during these phases

The egg is not using chemoattractants

Sperm cells cannot be capacitated at this stage

the zona pellucidia is too thick

Cervical mucus is thickened during these phases

What action must happen to activate sperm as they travel through the female reproductive tract?

orgasm

capacitation

retrograde ejaculation

seminal emission

uterine contraction

capacitation

What is the function of the buffers found in semen?

Neutrilize the acidity of any urine left behind in the male urethra, and to neutrilize acidity of the female vagina

Provide nutrients for fuel for the sperm cells

To enhance sperm motility

To incrase sperm count

Neutrilize the acidity of any urine left behind in the male urethra, and to neutrilize acidity of the female vagina

TRUE OR FALSE: Pubic and axillary hair growth always occurs before breast or genital development

False

True

False

The epiphyseal plates close around 51 in women and mark the start of menopause

False

True

False

Tanner Stage 4 in breast development is characterized by:

formation of the secondary mound.

lactation.

no breast development

areola diameter increase and color deepening

formation of the secondary mound.

TRUE OR FALSE: Puberty is the transitional period between the sexually immature child state to a sexually mature, reproductively infertile adult.

False

True

False

The growth and the widening of the pelvis that occurs in females during puberty:

increases the female's metabolism.

increases the amount of hormones secreted by the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis.

promotes hair growth all over the body.

allows the female to become better suited for child bearing.

allows the female to become better suited for child bearing.

True or False: HRT can reverse menopausal symptoms.

True

False

True

The grandmother hypothesis states that

aging women add to human reproductive fitness by helping to raise grandchildren

hunter gatherer women died in childbirth

women are useless after menopause

women could be fertile after 50 with egg transplants

aging women add to human reproductive fitness by helping to raise grandchildren

Testosterone therapy for aging men has no side effects

False

True

False

The timing of puberty could be linked a person's genetic inheritance.

True

False

True

Place the following events in order start with Day 1 of the cycle

LUTEAL PHASE

EARLY FOLLICULAR PHASE

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

1. EARLY FOLLICULAR PHASE

2.PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

3. LUTEAL PHASE

What is the trigger for ovulation?

LH surge

Estrogen negative feedback

FSH surge

progesterone surge

LH surge

The corpus luteum can be found during the

follicular phase

secretory phase

proliferative phase

prior to ovulation

following menses

secretory phase

A possible theory why women menstruate is that menstrual bleeding confirms a women is not pregnant.

True

False

True

If pregnancy does not occur then

the corpus luteum will degrade

ovulation is triggered

progesterone levels will remain high for 28 days

the secretory phase begins

the corpus luteum will degrade

Failure to ovulate or have a menstrual period for 6 months or longer is termed

primary amenorrhea

secondary amenorrhea

oligomenorrhea

PMS

secondary amenorrhea

At the start of a new menstrual cycle

all hormone levels are low

progesterone is high

Only GnRH is low

only estrogen is low

all hormone levels are low

Positive feedback to the hypothalamus occurs during the menstrual cycle

when graunulosa cells of the follicle are secreting high levels of estrogen

when luteal cells of the corpus luteum are secreting high levels of progesterone

when pituitary cells are secreting high levels of estrogen

False. Positive feedback never occurs during the menstrual cycle

when graunulosa cells of the follicle are secreting high levels of estrogen

During menstruation which layer of tissue is shed?

Basal Layer of Endometrium

Functional Layer of Endometrium

Myometrium

Perimetrium

Functional Layer of Endometrium