APUSH Unit 2 Flashcards MUST KNOW

APUSH UNIT 2 FLASHCARDS (still updating..23/36)

Proprietary Colonies

Under the authority of individuals who were granted ownership by the King

Ex: Maryland and Pennsylvania

Each charter described the relationship between the colony and the crown

The King expected proprietors to carry out his wishes faithfully, thus giving him control

Indentured Servants

Individuals who agree to work for a master for a set # of years (usually 7) in exchange for transportation from Europe to the Americas

• Europeans tried to enslave Native Americans first but failed because they escaped easily

  • Then tried to employ indentured servants but they did not provide sufficient labor

Act of Toleration

The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians

Statue also called for death for anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

Persuaded by Cecil Cavert in 1649

In the 1600s, Protestants ignited a civil war. The Protestants won and repealed the Act of Toleration ←Catholics lost the right to vote in elections for the assembly

Antinomianism

The idea that since individuals receive salvation (saving/help) through their faith alone, they were not required to follow traditional moral laws

Ex: Anne Hutchinson, a dissident who questioned the doctrines of the Puritan authorities believed in antinomianism

Separatists

Believed that the Church of England could not be reformed so they wanted to organize a separate church that was independent of royal control ←Started their own congregations

Founded Plymouth Colony

Several hundred Separatists left England for Holland in search of religious freedom

Puritans

A group of more moderate dissenters believed that the Church of England could be reformed or purified

In 1630, a thousand of Puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for Massachussetts and founded Boston

Puritan leaders showed intolerance of anyone who questioned their religious teachings, often banishing dissidents from the Bay Colony

Fundemental Orders of Connecticut

The first written constitution in American history (1639)

Created by Hartford settlers

Established a representative government with a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in America

Location: Swampy area along the James River

• Resulted in fatal outbreaks of dysentery and malania

Many of the settlers were gentlemen unaccustomed to physical work or gold hunters who refused to hunt or farm

Quakers

A group of Christians who called themselves the Religious Society of Friends

• Believed that religious authority was found within each person and not in the Bible nor in any outside source

  • Led them to support equality among all men and women and to reject violence and resist military service

• Were considered radical by most people in Britain and the colonies

• Beliefs challenged authorities → Quakers of England were persecuted and jailed for their beliefs

City On A Hill

A concept originating from John Winthrop’s 1630 sermon, “A model of Christian Charity“, which stated that the Massachusetts Bay Colony would serve as a model christian society for the world

First governor in the Bay colony was John Winthrop ← Wanted everyone to look at his colony that is so godly and perfect that they would use as a template to use for their own

Royal Colonies

Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king’s government ← government had total control over them

Ex: Virginia after 1624, Georgia after Philanthropists gave up by 1752, etc.

Frame of Government (1682-1683)

Guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners, and a written constitution, the charter of Liberties (1701)

Created by William Penn ← Hoped his colony would provide a refuge for Quakers

• He put his Quaker beliefs to the test by enabling liberal ideas in government

Mercantilism

An economic system to increase a nation’s wealth by government regulation of all of the nation’s commercial interests

Most European kingdoms in the 17th century believed in mecantilism
An economic theory that a country’s wealth was determined by how much more it exported than it imported

Colonies existed for one purpose only: To enrich the parent country

King Philip’s War (Metacom’s War)

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the wampanoags in response to English settlers encroaching on Native American land

United many tribes in southern New England

Eventually, the colonial forces and their Indian allies prevailed, killing Metacom and ending most Native Americans resistance in New England

Bacon’s Rebellion

An armed uprising in colonial Virginia by backcountry farmers, led by Nathaniel Bacon, against Gov. Berkeley and the colonial elite, fueled by economic distress, high taxes, conflict with Native Americans, and lack of land

Nathaniel Bacon raised an army of volunteers, conducted a series of raids and massacres against Native American villagers on the frontier

They burned the Jamestown settlement and defeated the governor’s forces

Triangular Trade

The backbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period

Transatlantic trade system linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas

A ship would leave port in New England carrying rum to trade for enslaved Africans. Next, the ship would set out on the horrendous Middle Passage (Africans would be traded in the West Indies for sugar cane). The ship then returns to a New England port where the sugar would be sold and made into rum.

Headright System

Virginia provided 50 acres of land to any settler or to anyone who paid for a passage for a settler to the colony

Used this method to recruit white setttlers

• Aided landowners who added to their holdings by sponsoring indentured servants

Massachusetts Bay Colony

In 1630, a thousand puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for Massachusetts and founded Boston

Religious and political conflict in England in the 1630s drove 15,000 settlers to the colony

Mixtures of small towns and family farms that relied on a blend of comerce and agriculture

Plymouth Colony

First permanent settlement in New England, established by Pilgrims

Fundemental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in American history (1639)

Created by Hartford settlers

Jamestown

First permannent English settlement in America

Halfway Covenant

Allowed partial membership rights to people that have not yet converted into the Puritan Church

To maintain the church’s influence and membership:

• Halfway covenant was offered by some clergy so that people could become partial members even if they had not yet felt a conversion

Navigation Acts

Series of Acts passed in the English Parliament, which established 3 rules for colonial trade

Designed to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect duties (taxes) in the colonies

Pros: Aided shipbuilding, provided English military forces to protect the colonies
Cons: Severely limited the development of the colonial economy, had to pay high prices for manufactured goods from England