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Protocol
A set of rules for communication between two endpoints
Port
A logical endpoint for a connection, used to identify services
Well-known ports
Ports 0-1023, used for common services like HTTP, FTP, etc.
Registered ports
Ports 1024-49151, used by organizations for specific software
Dynamic ports
Ports 49152-65535, used for temporary communications
Connection-oriented service
Reliable delivery with error-checking (e.g., TCP)
Connectionless service
Best-effort delivery, faster but less reliable (e.g., UDP)
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Port 25, used for sending outbound mail
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
Port 143, allows viewing messages without downloading
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
Port 110, used for receiving email
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
Port 80, unsecured web communication
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
Port 443, secured web communication with TLS encryption
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Ports 20 (data) and 21 (control), used for file transmission
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
Port 69, uses UDP for faster transmission
Telnet
Port 23, unsecured remote connection
SSH (Secure Shell)
Port 22, encrypted remote connection
RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)
Port 3389, used for remote desktop connections in Windows
DNS (Domain Name System)
Port 53, resolves domain names to IP addresses
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
Ports 67 (server) and 68 (client), assigns IP addresses to devices
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
Ports 161/162, monitors network device health
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
Port 389, used for directory services
SMB (Server Message Block)
Port 445, used for file and resource sharing in Windows
NIC (Network Interface Card)
Connects a device to the network by converting data for transmission
Hub
Repeats incoming signals to other ports, rarely used today
Switch
Directs data to specific devices using MAC addresses, more efficient than hubs
Managed Switch
Configurable, used in enterprise networks with VLAN support
Unmanaged Switch
Plug-and-play, basic functionality
PoE (Power over Ethernet)
Delivers power through Ethernet cables (e.g., IP cameras, VoIP phones)
Access Point
Connects wireless devices to a wired network
Router
Connects different networks based on IP addresses
Firewall
Filters incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined rules
Modem
Connects to internet service providers (e.g., DSL, cable)
Patch Panel
Organizes and connects twisted pair cabling to switches
Optical Network Terminal
Modem used for fiber optic connections
SDN (Software-Defined Networking)
Abstracts hardware control to software, allowing programmatic control
ISM Band
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical frequency band (e.g., 2.4 GHz)
2.4 GHz Band
Includes Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cordless devices; 13 channels (11 in North America)
5 GHz Band
Less saturation, wider channels, 23 non-overlapping channels
802.11 Standards
Wi-Fi standards (e.g., 802.11n = Wi-Fi 4, 802.11ac = Wi-Fi 5)
Bluetooth
2.4 GHz frequency, used for short-range wireless communication
NFC (Near-Field Communication)
Point-to-point contact, used for contactless payments
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
Uses tags and readers for data storage and retrieval
Long-range fixed wireless
Licensed/unlicensed bands for long-distance communication
Directory Server
Stores and manages network objects (e.g., Active Directory)
Mail Server
Manages email communications (e.g., SMTP, POP3, IMAP)
DNS Server
Resolves domain names to IP addresses
DHCP Server
Assigns IP addresses to devices
File Server
Stores and shares documents across a network
Print Server
Manages network printers and print queues
Syslog
Collects and stores system logs from multiple devices
Web Server
Hosts websites and responds to HTTP requests
UTM (Unified Threat Management)
Combines multiple security features
Load Balancer
Distributes workloads across servers
Proxy Server
Acts as an intermediary between clients and web servers
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
Manages large-scale industrial control systems
IoT (Internet of Things)
Connects devices to the internet for automation and remote control
FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name)
Combines a domain name and hostname (e.g., www.example.com)
DNS Resolution
Maps FQDNs to IP addresses
A Record
Maps a hostname to an IPv4 address
AAAA Record
Maps a hostname to an IPv6 address
PTR Record
Maps an IP address to a hostname
MX Record
Identifies the mail server for a domain
CNAME Record
Alias-to-address record
DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail)
Verifies email authenticity
SPF (Sender Policy Framework)
Prevents email spoofing
DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance)
Reports on SPF/DKIM status
Static IP Assignment
Manual configuration of IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS
Dynamic IP Assignment
Automatically assigns IP addresses via DHCP
DHCP Lease
Temporary assignment of an IP address to a device
DORA Process
Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge (DHCP lease process)
Scope
Range of IP addresses a DHCP server can assign
Reservation
Specific IP address reserved for a device
IPv4
32-bit address, dotted-decimal notation (e.g., 192.168.0.1)
IPv6
128-bit address, hexadecimal notation (e.g., 2001:db8::1)
Subnet Mask
Divides an IP address into network and host portions
Private IP Ranges
10.x.x.x, 172.16.x.x, 192.168.x.x
APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)
Fallback IP range (169.254.x.x)
Network Adapter
Configures IP addresses on a device
MAC Address
Unique identifier for a network adapter
Fiber Optic
High-speed, long-distance internet using light signals
Cable
Uses coaxial cables, shared bandwidth
Dial-up
Uses telephone lines, slow speeds (56 Kbps)
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
Faster than dial-up, uses telephone lines
Cellular
Mobile internet access via cell towers
Satellite
Global coverage, affected by weather
WISP (Wireless Internet Service Provider)
Wireless internet in rural areas
PAN (Personal Area Network)
Small range, connects personal devices
LAN (Local Area Network)
Single location, high-speed network
VLAN (Virtual LAN)
Divides a physical switch into logical switches
WAN (Wide Area Network)
Spans multiple locations, connects LANs
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Spans a single city
SAN (Storage Area Network)
High-speed storage network
NAS (Network Attached Storage)
Dedicated storage device on a network
Cable Stripper
Removes jackets from copper wire
Crimper
Terminates cables (e.g., RJ45 for Ethernet)
Cable Tester
Checks for proper wiring and termination
Toner Probe
Tracks cables using a tone generator and probe
Punch-down Tool
Hardwires cables into patch panels
Loopback Plug
Tests network adapters by redirecting signals
Network Tap
Analyzes data over a cable medium
Note 
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