Unit 3 -> Exam 3

hematocrit

percent of total blood volume made up of red blood cells

anemia

deficiency in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

polycythemia

indicated by high hematocrit - can arise from primary, secondary, or relative causes

abumins

large proteins that are responsible for collodial (osmotic) pressure in vasculature

globulins

transport lipids, hormones, participate in immune function

fibrinogen

synthesized in liver, important for clotting

plasma

liquid, cell-free part of blood that has been treated with anti-coagulants

serum

liquid part of blood after coagulation, devoid of clotting factors

erythropoiesis

production of RBCs in the bone marrow

pleural sac

fluid-filled sac between the lungs and the ribs

ventilation

getting air into and out of the alveoli

Boyle’s Law

pressure is proportional to the inverse of volume

pneumothorax

puncture of pleural sac causes it to equilibrate with air, resulting in a collapsed lung

lung compliance

the amount of pressure that is required to stretch the lung tissues

vital capacity (VC)

amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration

bronchitis

excessive mucus production

respiratory rate

number of breaths per minute

minute ventilation

volume of air moved each minute

tidal volume

the volume of air moved each breath

dead space volume (DSV)

inhaled air that does not take part in gas exchange

alveolar ventilation

volume of gas exchange that is taking part in gas exchange per minute

dalton’s law

the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its components

henry’s law

the concentration of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to its solubility and its partial pressure

alpha x

gas-specific constant and decreases with temperature and other solutes

central pattern generator (CPG)

in medulla - generates regular pattern which controls DRG and VRG neurons

filtration

from glomerulus blood to tubules, non-selective

reabsorption

from lumen of tubules to blood, selective

secretion

from peritubular capillary blood to tubules, selective

excretion

from tubules to outside the body (via the bladder)

podocytes

spaces between their foot processes (slits) form a filter

messangial cells

support, and regulate blood flow in glomerular capillaries

glomerular filtration rate

the amount of plasma filtered per unit time

myogenic regulation

smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole contracts when it is stretched

tubuloglomerular feedback

macula densa senses fluid flow and releases paracrines that act on the afferent arteriole

mesangial cell contraction

contract in response to stretching, decreasing the SA for filtration

filtered

how much of a particular solute is filtered per unit time

clearance

the volume of plasma cleared of a substance per unit time

reabsorption

movement of solutes and water from lumen of tubules (the filtrate) back into plasma

renal threshold

the plasma concentration at which the solute shows up in urine

transport maximum

when all transporters for a substance are saturated

hypovolemia

decreased plasma volume - results when water loss exceeds water gain

hypervolemia

increased plasma volume - results when water gain exceeds water loss

neurogenic

defect in the pituitary or hypothalamus - little production of ADH

nephrogenic

defect in the kidneys response to ADH

dipsogenic

damage to hypothalamic thirst center

gestational

overproduction of vasopressinase by mom

peyer’s patch

organized lymphoid tissue found within the lamina propria (specifically inn the ileum of the small intestine)

M-cells

only found in the mucosa above Peyer’s patch - actively transport antigens from the lumen to local immune cells and lymph system

muscularis mucosa

longitudinal and circular muscles that create folds

submucosa

thick connective tissue, stretchiness

submucosal plexus

innervation of mucosa

muscularis externa

gut motility

serosa

provide support within the body cavity

acinus

blind-ended cluster of specialized epithelial cells

Ampula of Vater

junction of bile duct and pancreatic duct where pancreas and liver secretions mix

Sphincter of Oddi

regulates emptying of pancreatic and liver secretions into the duodenum

gall bladder

stores liver products and helps regulate their secretion into the duodenum

zymogen

enzyme precursor that must be activated to function

pepsin

potent proteolytic enzyme that attacks particular peptide bonds

endopeptidases

limited to certain AA and internal bonds

exopeptidases

can cleave ends and finish digestion

emulsification

mixing of two immiscible liquids