Intelligence Unit 5

Intelligence

Mental quality to adapt to new situations

Intelligence test

Assesses mental aptitudes and compares them using scores

General Intelligence

Underlies specific mental abilities, measured by every task on a test

Factor analysis

Identifies clusters of related items on a test

Thurstone

Identified seven clusters of mental abilities

Savant Syndrome

Limited mental ability with a specific skill

Howard Gardner

Proposed 8 different types of intelligence

Grit

Passion and perseverance in pursuing long-term goals

Robert Sternberg

Proposed 3 types of intelligence

Analytical intelligence

Assessed by tests with well-defined problems and single right answers

Creative intelligence

Reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas

Practical intelligence

Required for everyday tasks with ill-defined problems and multiple correct answers

Emotional intelligence

Assessed by a test with four components

Perceiving Emotions

Recognizing emotions in faces, music, and stories

Understanding emotions

Predicting and understanding how emotions change and blend

Managing Emotions

Knowing how to express emotions in different situations

Using emotions

Enabling adaptive or creative thinking

Achievement test

Assesses what a person has learned

Aptitude test

Predicts a person's future performance and capacity to learn

Francis Galton

Studied reaction time, sensory acuity, muscular power, and body proportions

Alfred Binet

Predicted school achievement and measured mental age

Lewis Terman

Measured innate intelligence and established new age norms

William Stern

Derived the intelligence quotient (IQ)

David Wechsler

Created the most widely used individual intelligence test

Standardization

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores

Normal Curve

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes attribute distribution

Flynn Effect

Increase in average intelligence test performance over the years

Chronological Age

Age of the body

Mental Age

Level of intelligence and understanding

Reliability

Extent to which a test yields consistent results

Test-Retest Reliability

Consistency of scores when the same test is administered twice

Split-half reliability

Consistency of scores on randomly selected questions

Validity

Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Content validity

Extent to which a test samples the behavior of interest

Predictive validity

Aims to predict the skill or knowledge being tested

Cross-sectional studies

Compare people of different ages at the same point

Longitudinal Evidence

Research that follows and retests the same people over time

Cohort

Group of people from a given time

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that increase with age

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease with age

Stability Over the Life Span

Intelligence test scores become more stable with age

Intellectual disability

Limited ability with an intelligence score of 70 or below

Down Syndrome

Mild to severe intellectual disability caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Heritability

Proportion of variation among individuals attributed to genes

Ethnic Similarities

Skin color has no relation to similarities