lecture 3 - macromolecules

what are the main 4 macromolecules in biology?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

which macromolecules are long polymers?

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

what are functional groups? chemical groups that add __________ to _________ ______________

diversity, carbon skeletons

what is hydroxyl? -OH, found in alcohols, carbohydrates, can form __________ bonds

hydrogen

what is carbonyl? -C(-)=O, ______ a molecule is ketone and at the ______ of a molecule is aldehyde

within, end

what is carboxyl? -C(-OH)=O, highly ____________, gives off proton in water to become COO-, carboxylic acid, found in amino acid

polar

what is amino? -NH2, very _______ group: nitrogen ________ a proton in water, in solution becomes NH3+, found in amino acids

polar, attracts

what is phosphate? idek man very _______ group, used in nucleotides (DNA, RNA)

polar

what is methyl? -CH3, hydro_______ (unlike others), important for DNA

hydrophobic

how the macromolecules relate central dogma, genetic information = dna→ ______→ protein

rna

dna → rna is through _______ or living systems can also obtain these from the environment

transcription

rna→ protein is through _________

translation

proteins can be carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, the structure of all proteins (_______ acid sequences) begins as information stored in _______ (genes).

amino, DNA

some proteins are __________: these synthesize macromolecules from smaller molecules

enzymes

what are polymers? _________ linkages of many monomers (building blocks)

covalent

mono - _____- made up of one molecule

poly - _______- made up of two or more molecules

one, many

polymers can be very ________. dna/rna are the storage of _________. protein are the products of ________ (e.g. enzymes) and carbohydrates and lipids are the storage of ________, cell/tissue structure

long, information, genes, energy

what is dehydration synthesis? when a water molecule is ________, forming a new _______ (short polymer + unlinked monomer → longer polymer).

removed, bond

when you are dehydrated, you _______ water. synthesis means to _______ something. dehydration synthesis: making a __________ by removing water

lost, make, molecule

what is hydrolysis? ________ a molecule by ________ water

breaking, adding

what are carbohydrates? ______

complex carbohydrates: sugar _______ (starch)

sugars, polymers

for carbohydrates, we start with building sugar ________. C:H:O → 1:__:1 ratio, sugars, names often end in ‘-ose’, functional groups are _______ and ________. most carbons are attached to hydroxyl, most important is glucose C6H12O6

monomers, carbonyl, hydroxyl

carbohydrates - monosaccharides (building blocks) are classified by # of _____, ________ of carbonyl group, handedness (asymmetric carbons), for 5- and 6- carbon sugars, there are linear and ring forms

carbons, location

asymmetrical carbons means ____ different substituents

4

what are disaccharides? ___ sugars ________ joined at a _________ bond (or glycosidic linkage)

2, covalently, glycosidic

what are polysaccharides?

storage: polymers of alpha-glucose used to store ________ (starch, glycogen)

structural: polymers of beta glucose are very ________ (cellulose)

alpha glucose and beta glucose differ in the location of ________ groups above or below the carbon ring structure

energy, tough, hydroxyl

alpha looks like a _______, so thinking of fishing, you throw the rod downward → alpha is when OH is _______

fish, below

beta - betya got your fish → pulled it above water → beta is when OH is ________

above

storage polymers of alpha glucose are _______- and glycogen

starch

structural polymers are cellulose, a polymer of ______-glucose.

beta

starch: 1-4 linkage of ______ glucose monomers

cellulose: 1-4 linkage of ______ glucose monomers

alpha, beta

what is chitin? an _______ structural polysaccharide

animal

chitin structure is glucose + acetyl amine group, forms an __________ of arthropods, used to make strong and flexible surgical thread

exoskeleton

what are lipids? not true polymers (lack a repeating _________). large parts are hydrocarbons (no C:H:O ratio), very hydro_______, fats, phospholipids, steriods

monomer, hydrophobic

what are fats? glycerol + ______ acids (building blocks of most lipds) joined by ___________ reactions

fatty, dehydration

what are saturated fats? no ________ bonds, pack tightly, ________ at room temp. (animal fats; stored in fat cells)

double, solid

what are unsaturated fats? some cis double bonds, pack less tightly, oils _________ at room temp (fish, plant oils, plats store oil in seeds)

liquid

mono, di, polyunsaturated (number of double bonds) → the _________ the healthier

more

phospholipids have hydro______ heads and hydro_________ tails, forming lipid bilayers in water

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

what kind of bonds form in carbohydrates?

glycosidic bonds

how can you break a carbohydrate bond

hydrolysis

what is the ratio of C:H:O found in carbohydrates?

1:2:1

what kind of bonds form in lipids?

ester bonds

how do the bonds in fats form

dehydration synthesis

what are some examples of polysaccharides?

starch, glycogen, cellulose

what is glucose’s main function for us humans?

cellular respiration

what are the building blocks of most fats and for carbohydrates

glycerol and fatty acids, monosaccharides