Plant Biology and Evolution

These flashcards cover key concepts and terms related to plant biology, evolution, and reproduction.

What are gametes?

Gametes are sex cells involved in sexual reproduction.

Which plant is considered the first to evolve in the fossil record?

Moss is considered the first plant to evolve in the fossil record.

What is sphagnum moss commonly used for?

Sphagnum moss is used to help soil retain moisture and can be used as bandages or diapers by Native Americans.

What is the difference between gametophyte and sporophyte stages in plants?

The gametophyte stage produces eggs and sperm, while the sporophyte stage produces spores.

How does fertilization occur in mosses?

Fertilization occurs in the presence of water, where sperm swim to the egg.

What structural parts make up the female aspect of a flower?

The female part of a flower consists of the stigma, style, and ovary.

What is the significance of double fertilization?

Double fertilization produces both the zygote and endosperm in seeds.

What distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?

Gymnosperms have naked seeds, while angiosperms produce seeds protected by fruit.

What type of seed production do ferns and mosses exhibit?

Ferns and mosses are typically heterosporous, producing distinct male and female spores.

Why do most mosses and ferns thrive in moist environments?

They require moist environments for external fertilization.

What part of the flower develops into fruit?

The ovary develops into fruit.

What is the dominant stage of life for most plants?

The sporophyte stage is the dominant stage in most plants.

How are pollen and fertilization processes different between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Gymnosperms rely on wind for pollen distribution, while angiosperms often involve pollinators.

What type of plant is known as 'running cedar'?

Running cedar is another name for club moss, a seedless vascular plant.

What does the term 'vascular tissue' refer to?

Vascular tissue refers to xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients in plants.

What are two major types of flowering plants categorized by number of seed leaves?

Monocots (one seed leaf) and dicots (two seed leaves) are the two major types.

What adaptations enable seed-making plants to survive in drier environments?

Seeds provide protection and nourishment for the developing plant, allowing growth in arid conditions.