AP European History: Unit 2 - The Reformation

John Calvin

I believe in predestination and started a religious community with very strict laws in Geneva.

Martin Luther

I believed in salvation by faith alone, that scripture was the source of the creed.

Peace of Augsburg

This agreement stated that the religion of the ruler is the religion of the state.

Council of Trent

This meeting was called to help reform the Catholic Church, define Church doctrine, and help the Church regain its power.

Jesuits

They are known as the "Soldiers of Christ" and established the Society of Jesus.

Ninety-five theses

This document was also known as the "Disputations on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences" where the sale of indulgences and other church abuses were criticized.

Act of Supremacy

This document required all the king's subject to take an oath of loyalty to the king as head of the Church of England.

Conciliarism

This is a view that the Church is a corporation of cardinals that can override papal authority.

Henry VIII

To England he was known as the "Defender of the Faith", soon after he found the Anglican Church.

Diet of Worms 1521

This council was summoned by Charles V, condemned Luther's beliefs, and forbade Luther from preaching and declared him a heretic.

What where the Jesuits known for?

Inquisitions

What did the Council of Trent reaffirm?

-good works
-purgatory and indulgences
-transubstantiation
-hierarchy of priesthood
-role of church tradition and teaching

What were the 5 main Catholic orders?

-Jesuits
-Franciscans
-Benedictines
-Augustinians
-Dominicans

Christian Humanism

"Northern humanists", focused on sources of early Christianity, characterized by its reform program

Thomas More's Utopia

1516, literary masterpiece of ideal life and institutions of community based on communal owenership

Pluralism

high church officials (bishops, archbishops, cardinals) take over more than one church office

Absenteeism

result of pluralism, church office holders ignored their duties and hired underlings who often had even less interest in the job

The Sacraments

a catholic's chief means of receiving God's grace

How did Luther react to the Peasant's War?

Unsupported, published pamphlet Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants

Indulgences

remission after death of all or part of the punishment for sin

Peasant's Revolt 1524

Uprising against the Holy Roman Emperor, unsupported by Luther

Transubstanitation

taught that the substance of bread and wine consumed in the rite is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus

Charles V

1519-1556 Holy Roman Emperor, Diet of Worms

Ulrich Zwingli

great minister of Zurich, began reformation in Switzerland; killed, cut, burned in Swiss civil war 1531

Edward VI and "Bloody Mary"

both kids of Henry VII, Edward= Jane Saymour, Mary= Catherine of Aragon

Geneva

city in which John Calvin took up ministry and established the Ecclesiastical Ordinances

Charlemagne

First Holy Roman Emperor

Sola Fida

Foundation of Lutheran beliefs - Justification by faith alone

Schmaldkaldic League

Military alliance of German princes

Aristocracy

Ruling wealthy class

Eucharist

A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine.

Cantons

A largely self-governing state within a country, as in Switzerland

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion

Predistination

Calvinist doctrine that God had foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned

The Elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

Augsburg Confession

Definitive statement of Lutheran beliefs

Consistories

Lutheran judicial bodies overseeing new Protestant churches

Frederick the Wise

Elector of Saxony who hid Luther after his excommunication

Lollards

Followers of John Wycliffe's teachings - early English humanist

Reformation Parliament

Used by Henry VIII to end pope's power in England, make him head of church and to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

Counter-Reformation

Efforts by the Catholic church to bring back members

Education

Was increased due to the spread of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation

Honored Mothers and Wives

Evolved view of women's role in society under the Reformation

Family Planning

The act of birth control or encouraging rapid pregnancy, condemned by the church

Wet Nurse

Condemned by the Catholic Church given it contributed to family planning or increased infant mortality

Cervantes

Famous Spanish writer - author of Don Quixote

Don Quixote

Fiction book combining idealism with realism

William Shakespeare

English author of 154 Sonnets and 37 Plays

Cuius regio, eius religio

The principle that a local leader can choose the religion of his region.

Ignatius of Loyola

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.