Rome (Week 9)

Antony and Octavia

• public marriage after Cleopatra

• Octavian’s Sister

Antony and Cleopatra

secret affair later publicized

Sextus in Sicily 42 BCE

• gains control of Corsica and Sardinia

• blocks Grain shipments in Sicily

Why does Sextus put a blockade on Rome’s grain shipments?

to pressure the Roman government into recognizing his power and giving him territory

What was created to stop Sextus from his grain supply blockade?

Treaty of Misenum

What did the Treaty of Misenum between Triumvirs and Sextus allow for Sextus? (39 BCE)

• control of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica

• promised Achaea (Southern Greece/ Peloponnese)

• promised future consulship

How long does peace last after the Treaty of Misenum?

TEMPORARY

Triumvirs?

Antony, Octavian, Lepidus

Why does the Treaty of Mesenum break down?

Antony refuses to give up control of Peloponnese to Sextus

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63-12 BCE)

Good navy general, confidant, and close friend of Octavian

What happens after the Treaty of Misenum breaks down?

Battle of Naulochus

Battle of Naulochus (36 BCE)?

Octavian defeats Sextus with Agrippa’s naval army and Lepidus’ African forces

Final outcome of Sextus?

captured and executed

How does Antony and Cleopatra’s relationship develop during his Parthia campaigns?

seeing her constantly and using her Egyptian resources to the campaign

Outcome of Antony dealing with Parthian invasions? (36 BCE)

HEAVY LOSSES

What does Antony do after losing badly in Parthian invasions?

celebrates it as a victory with DONATIONS OF ALEXANDRIA

Donations of Alexandria?

Antony distributes his Eastern territories to Cleopatra and their children

Significance of Donations of Alexandria?

• publicizes Antony and Cleopatra’s relationship

• alienation from Rome

What does Antony declares his sons as?

“King of Kings” and legitimate heir of Caesar

Who was Caesarion?

Cleopatra and Caesar’s son

What was Antony’s biggest mistake with the Donations of Alexandria?

gave Octavian many reasons for propaganda

What does Antony do to Octavia?

embarrasses her by refusing to meet with her and telling her to leave the house

What happens after Antony abandons Octavia?

Antony and Cleopatra marry (32 BCE)

What were Octavian’s Arguments to turn Rome against Antony?

• marriage to Cleopatra

• his will (Donations of Alexandra)

• Alexandrian Senate

• Egyptian burial plot

What argument drove Rome the most against Antony?

Egyptian burial plot

Octavian’s Propaganda War (33-32 BCE) result?

Senate declares war on Cleopatra

What was Antony’s first step in the war?

move his forces to Greece

Battle of Actium (31 BCE) MOST IMPORTANT BATTLE! ERA TRANSFORMING

• on sea

• Agrippa commanded Octavian’s fleet and BLOCKADED Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, Greece

Result of Battle of Actium?

• Antony and Cleopatra’s navy defeated when attempting to breakout

• They flee with half their forces

What do Octavian and Agrippa do as newly elected consuls (30 BCE)?

• both pursue Antony and Cleopatra

• Octavian captures PELUSIUM (eastern gateway to Nile delta)

• Agrippa guards coast of Mediterranean

What happens after Antony gets trapped by Octavian and Agrippa?

Antony’s forces move to Octavian’s side

What is Antony falsely told that leads to his death?

Cleopatra killed herself

What happens to Caesarion?

executed

What happens to Antony and Cleopatra’s kids?

paraded in triumph and raised by Octavia

Result of Octavian seizing Egypt (30 BCE)?

WEALTH AND GRAIN (feeds Rome for centuries)

Octavian’s standing in 30-28 BCE?

• consolidation of power after deaths of Antony, Cleopatra, and Caesarion

• control of Egypt and its treasury

• CONTROLLED ALL OF MEDITERRANEAN

What was Octavian’s proposal to the Senate? (27 BCE)

• give up control of eastern provinces and legions in them

• restore full control to the Senate

Why does Octavian give up so much power to the Senate?

doesn’t want to end up like Caesar

Is Octavian really giving up his power to the Senate?

NO only SYMBOLICALLY to prevent assasination

What was proof of Octavian’s actual power he didn’t give up?

• RICH

• alliances

• legions

What were the 7 powers Augustus gained early on? (APCCTPPP)

1. Augustus title

2. Princeps senators (leader of Senate)

3. Corona civica (holder of the civic crown)

4. Lifelong consular imperium (command of Roman army)

5. Lifelong Tribune of the plebs

6. Pontifex Maximus

7. Pater patriae (father of land) and Princeps Civilas (first citizen)

What was Augustus’ strategy and reforms?

• avoided dictator title

• gave up powers as restorer of the Republic

• titles by Senate

• controlled provinces with legions through magistrates and legates

• senate-based legislation and not popular assemblies

What was significant about Augustus’ consular imperium?

permanent control of army so that giving up consulship would have no effect

What was significant about August'us’ lifelong Tribune of the plebs?

tribune of the plebs were SACROSANCT so anyone against him would be executed with or without a trial

What form of government was Rome under Augustus?

autocracy

Whose power is most affected by the sole rule of Augustus?

the Senate (power is diluted)

What were popular elections like in the Imperial Period?

Augustus nominated candidates and guaranteed their elections

How did the nature of magistracies change under Augustus?

magistracies become ceremonial and elected only to follow what August says

How is the Senate’s power reduced because of the changes in popular elections?

candidates elected by Augustus and Senate has no influence

Prefect of Rome?

new office where a powerful official is appointed by the emperor to govern Rome and maintain order

2 big changes to Roman Law in Imperial system?

• popular elections end

• emperor is the direct source of law

Public Law?

sacred matters, priests, and magistrates

Private law?

natural, international, and civil law

Natural law?

ALL HUMANS: principles from nature itself, universal and timeless

Civil law

ALL ROMAN CITIZENS: customs, court body of law

International law

ALL OF MEDITERRANEAN SOCIETY: biased by Rome, Rome and foreign interactions