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Triangular Trade
A trade route during the 16th centuries that exchanged goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Salutary Neglect
Parliament laws and strict trade regulations on the colonies during the 1600s-1700s enforced by Britain.
Mercantilism
The economic theory that one's trade surplus benefits one's own wealth, representing a zero-sum game.
French and Indian War
A conflict during the mid-1700s between England and France that influenced future American alliances.
Treaty of Paris
The treaty that recognized the US as an independent nation and outlined terms for fishing rights.
Proclamation Line of 1763
A barrier drawn by Parliament to limit British colonial expansion and protect Native American lands.
Writs of Assistance
Legal documents that allowed British officials to search colonial homes and businesses without warrants.
King George III
The British monarch who imposed policies that increased colonial oppression and sparked resistance.
George Grenville
King George III's choice for handling British finances, known for taxing the colonies.
Sugar Act
A 1763 law aimed at raising revenue from the colonies through duties on sugar and molasses.
Currency Act
A 1764 law that prohibited colonies from printing paper money, causing economic strain.
Quartering Act
A 1765 law allowing British troops to be housed in colonial buildings and public spaces.
Stamp Act
A 1765 law imposing taxes on printed materials in the colonies, leading to protests and unrest.
Sons of Liberty
A Boston organization formed to oppose the Stamp Act and unite colonists against British rule.
The Townshend Act
A series of 1767 laws imposing taxes on goods imported to the American colonies.
Boston Massacre
The 1770 incident where British soldiers killed five colonists, inciting anti-British sentiments.
Samuel Adams
A political leader who organized resistance against British rule and helped galvanize public support for independence.
Gaspée Affair
An incident where the Sons of Liberty burned a British ship in protest against British maritime policies.
Tea Act
A 1773 law allowing the East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies, leading to the Boston Tea Party.
Intolerable Acts
A series of punitive laws passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, restricting colonial freedoms.
First Continental Congress
The 1774 assembly of colonial representatives aiming to address grievances against British rule.
“The shot heard round the world”
The phrase referring to the first gunfire which sparked the American Revolutionary War.
Lexington and Concord
The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War in 1775.
Battle of Bunker Hill
The first major battle of the Revolutionary War, noted for heavy British losses.
Second Continental Congress
Assembly that acted as a revolutionary government and appointed Washington as commander of the Continental Army.
Continental Army
The army formed by the colonies to oppose British forces during the Revolutionary War.
George Washington
The leader of the Continental Army who played a crucial role in American independence.
Olive Branch Petition
A petition sent to King George III seeking peaceful resolution to colonial grievances, rejected by the King.
Benjamin Franklin
An influential statesman and diplomat who helped secure French support during the Revolutionary War.
Common Sense
A pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued for American independence from Britain.
Declaration of Independence
The 1776 document proclaiming the colonies' separation from Britain and outlining principles of government.
Hessians
German troops hired by Britain to fight against the American revolutionaries.
Robert Morris
Superintendent of finance who played a key role in stabilizing the new nation’s economy.
Battle of Saratoga
A turning point in the Revolutionary War that secured French support for the Americans.
Valley Forge
The site of the Continental Army's winter encampment in 1777, where they faced severe hardships.
French Alliance, 1778
The formal alliance between France and the United States during the Revolutionary War.
Loyalists
Colonists who remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolutionary War.
Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation
A decree that offered freedom to enslaved people who fought for the British.
“not worth a continental”
A phrase indicating something is worthless or of no value.
Battle of Yorktown
The final major battle of the Revolutionary War, leading to British surrender in 1781.
Articles of Confederation
The first constitution of the United States, establishing a weak national government.
Gabriel Prosser
An enslaved man who led a planned uprising in Virginia in 1800 but was captured.
Confederation Congress (1781-1788)
The national legislative body during the Articles of Confederation.
Northwest Territory
Land acquired by the U.S. that was to be divided into new states.
Land Ordinance of 1785
Legislation that established a systematic approach to surveying and selling land in the Northwest Territory.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Legislation that outlined how new states could be admitted to the Union from the Northwest Territory.
“Virginia Plan”
A proposal for a new federal government structure, favoring larger states by population.
“New Jersey Plan”
A counterproposal to the Virginia Plan, advocating equal representation for smaller states.
Connecticut Compromise
The agreement that created a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.
Federalism
The division of powers between the national and state governments.
“necessary and proper clause”
The constitutional clause that grants Congress the authority to pass all laws necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.
“three-fifths compromise”
The agreement that counted three-fifths of a states' enslaved population for legislative representation.
The Federalist Papers
A series of essays promoting the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Anti-federalists
Opponents of the Constitution who advocated for stronger state governments.
Judiciary Act of 1789
Legislation that established the federal judiciary system, including the Supreme Court.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights.
“loose constructionist”
Someone who interprets the Constitution broadly, allowing for implied powers.
“strict constructionist”
Someone who interprets the Constitution literally, limiting government powers to specifically stated ones.
Northwest Indian War
Conflict from 1785-1795 against Native American tribes over land in the Northwest Territory.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
The last major battle of the Northwest Indian Wars, leading to the Treaty of Greenville.
Treaty of Greenville
Settlement that ended the Northwest Indian War, ceding lands to the U.S.
Shays’s Rebellion
An uprising of farmers in 1786-1787 that highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
French Revolution
A period of radical social and political upheaval in France that inspired American revolutionaries.
John Adams
The second President of the U.S. who faced tensions with France during his administration.
Jay’s Treaty
A treaty with Great Britain regulating trade and resolving ongoing conflicts.
The “XYZ Affair”
A diplomatic incident that led to an undeclared war between the U.S. and France.
Alien and Sedition Acts – 1789
Laws that targeted immigrants and restricted speech against the government.
“bloodless revolution” of 1800
The peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Republicans in the election of 1800.
“midnight appointments”
Judicial appointments made by President Adams in the final days of his administration.
John Marshall
The first Chief Justice of the U.S. who established the principle of judicial review.
judicial review
The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional.
Marbury v. Madison
The landmark case that established the principle of judicial review.
The American System
Economic plan promoting a national bank, protective tariffs, and infrastructure improvements.
Louisiana Purchase
The acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the U.S.
Aaron Burr
A politician involved in significant events of early American history, including the duel with Hamilton.
James Wilkinson
A military officer involved in a conspiracy with Aaron Burr regarding the Louisiana Territory.
Lewis & Clark and the Corps of Discovery
Expedition organized to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory.
Sacagawea
A Shoshone guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition.
Five Civilized Tribes
Native American nations that adopted various cultural practices to coexist with European settlers.
Indian Intercourse Act of 1790
Law requiring treaties to be established to secure Indian lands.
Cherokee National Council
Governing body of the Cherokee aimed at self-governance and legal codification.
Sequoyah
Creator of the Cherokee syllabary, facilitating literacy among the Cherokee.
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader who attempted to form an Indian alliance against American expansion.
Tenskwatawa
Spiritual leader of the Shawnee known as the Shawnee Prophet.
Treaty of Ft. Wayne
An agreement that ceded land from Native American tribes to the U.S. government.
Andrew Jackson
Military commander who became a national hero after his victory at New Orleans.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
A decisive battle in the Creek War where Jackson led American forces to victory.
Impressment
The act of forcibly taking individuals into military service.
Chesapeake Affair
A British naval attack in 1807 on an American ship as part of impressment efforts.
Embargo Act
A law prohibiting American ships from trading with foreign nations, aiming to apply economic pressure.
James Madison
The fourth President of the U.S. who navigated the country through the War of 1812.
Non-Intercourse Act
An act reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists to discuss grievances over the War of 1812.
Treaty of Ghent
Agreement that ended the War of 1812 and restored prewar boundaries.
Battle of New Orleans
A significant American victory in the War of 1812 that boosted national pride.
Adams-Onís Treaty
The 1819 treaty that ceded Florida to the U.S. from Spain.
Monroe Doctrine
The principle that opposed European colonialism in the Americas.
“middling sort”
The social class between the wealthy elite and the impoverished working class.
“republican wives”
Women expected to raise virtuous citizens and uphold republican values in their households.
Virginia’s Statutes of Religious Freedom
Legislation promoting religious liberty authored by Thomas Jefferson.