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116 Terms

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Triangular Trade

A trade route during the 16th centuries that exchanged goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

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Salutary Neglect

Parliament laws and strict trade regulations on the colonies during the 1600s-1700s enforced by Britain.

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Mercantilism

The economic theory that one's trade surplus benefits one's own wealth, representing a zero-sum game.

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French and Indian War

A conflict during the mid-1700s between England and France that influenced future American alliances.

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Treaty of Paris

The treaty that recognized the US as an independent nation and outlined terms for fishing rights.

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Proclamation Line of 1763

A barrier drawn by Parliament to limit British colonial expansion and protect Native American lands.

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Writs of Assistance

Legal documents that allowed British officials to search colonial homes and businesses without warrants.

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King George III

The British monarch who imposed policies that increased colonial oppression and sparked resistance.

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George Grenville

King George III's choice for handling British finances, known for taxing the colonies.

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Sugar Act

A 1763 law aimed at raising revenue from the colonies through duties on sugar and molasses.

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Currency Act

A 1764 law that prohibited colonies from printing paper money, causing economic strain.

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Quartering Act

A 1765 law allowing British troops to be housed in colonial buildings and public spaces.

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Stamp Act

A 1765 law imposing taxes on printed materials in the colonies, leading to protests and unrest.

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Sons of Liberty

A Boston organization formed to oppose the Stamp Act and unite colonists against British rule.

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The Townshend Act

A series of 1767 laws imposing taxes on goods imported to the American colonies.

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Boston Massacre

The 1770 incident where British soldiers killed five colonists, inciting anti-British sentiments.

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Samuel Adams

A political leader who organized resistance against British rule and helped galvanize public support for independence.

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Gaspée Affair

An incident where the Sons of Liberty burned a British ship in protest against British maritime policies.

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Tea Act

A 1773 law allowing the East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies, leading to the Boston Tea Party.

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Intolerable Acts

A series of punitive laws passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, restricting colonial freedoms.

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First Continental Congress

The 1774 assembly of colonial representatives aiming to address grievances against British rule.

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“The shot heard round the world”

The phrase referring to the first gunfire which sparked the American Revolutionary War.

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Lexington and Concord

The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War in 1775.

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Battle of Bunker Hill

The first major battle of the Revolutionary War, noted for heavy British losses.

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Second Continental Congress

Assembly that acted as a revolutionary government and appointed Washington as commander of the Continental Army.

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Continental Army

The army formed by the colonies to oppose British forces during the Revolutionary War.

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George Washington

The leader of the Continental Army who played a crucial role in American independence.

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Olive Branch Petition

A petition sent to King George III seeking peaceful resolution to colonial grievances, rejected by the King.

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Benjamin Franklin

An influential statesman and diplomat who helped secure French support during the Revolutionary War.

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Common Sense

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued for American independence from Britain.

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Declaration of Independence

The 1776 document proclaiming the colonies' separation from Britain and outlining principles of government.

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Hessians

German troops hired by Britain to fight against the American revolutionaries.

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Robert Morris

Superintendent of finance who played a key role in stabilizing the new nation’s economy.

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Battle of Saratoga

A turning point in the Revolutionary War that secured French support for the Americans.

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Valley Forge

The site of the Continental Army's winter encampment in 1777, where they faced severe hardships.

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French Alliance, 1778

The formal alliance between France and the United States during the Revolutionary War.

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Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolutionary War.

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Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation

A decree that offered freedom to enslaved people who fought for the British.

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“not worth a continental”

A phrase indicating something is worthless or of no value.

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Battle of Yorktown

The final major battle of the Revolutionary War, leading to British surrender in 1781.

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Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, establishing a weak national government.

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Gabriel Prosser

An enslaved man who led a planned uprising in Virginia in 1800 but was captured.

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Confederation Congress (1781-1788)

The national legislative body during the Articles of Confederation.

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Northwest Territory

Land acquired by the U.S. that was to be divided into new states.

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Land Ordinance of 1785

Legislation that established a systematic approach to surveying and selling land in the Northwest Territory.

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Legislation that outlined how new states could be admitted to the Union from the Northwest Territory.

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“Virginia Plan”

A proposal for a new federal government structure, favoring larger states by population.

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“New Jersey Plan”

A counterproposal to the Virginia Plan, advocating equal representation for smaller states.

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Connecticut Compromise

The agreement that created a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

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Federalism

The division of powers between the national and state governments.

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“necessary and proper clause”

The constitutional clause that grants Congress the authority to pass all laws necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.

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“three-fifths compromise”

The agreement that counted three-fifths of a states' enslaved population for legislative representation.

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The Federalist Papers

A series of essays promoting the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

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Anti-federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who advocated for stronger state governments.

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Judiciary Act of 1789

Legislation that established the federal judiciary system, including the Supreme Court.

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Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights.

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“loose constructionist”

Someone who interprets the Constitution broadly, allowing for implied powers.

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“strict constructionist”

Someone who interprets the Constitution literally, limiting government powers to specifically stated ones.

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Northwest Indian War

Conflict from 1785-1795 against Native American tribes over land in the Northwest Territory.

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Battle of Fallen Timbers

The last major battle of the Northwest Indian Wars, leading to the Treaty of Greenville.

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Treaty of Greenville

Settlement that ended the Northwest Indian War, ceding lands to the U.S.

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Shays’s Rebellion

An uprising of farmers in 1786-1787 that highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

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French Revolution

A period of radical social and political upheaval in France that inspired American revolutionaries.

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John Adams

The second President of the U.S. who faced tensions with France during his administration.

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Jay’s Treaty

A treaty with Great Britain regulating trade and resolving ongoing conflicts.

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The “XYZ Affair”

A diplomatic incident that led to an undeclared war between the U.S. and France.

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Alien and Sedition Acts – 1789

Laws that targeted immigrants and restricted speech against the government.

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“bloodless revolution” of 1800

The peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Republicans in the election of 1800.

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“midnight appointments”

Judicial appointments made by President Adams in the final days of his administration.

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John Marshall

The first Chief Justice of the U.S. who established the principle of judicial review.

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judicial review

The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

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Marbury v. Madison

The landmark case that established the principle of judicial review.

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The American System

Economic plan promoting a national bank, protective tariffs, and infrastructure improvements.

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Louisiana Purchase

The acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the U.S.

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Aaron Burr

A politician involved in significant events of early American history, including the duel with Hamilton.

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James Wilkinson

A military officer involved in a conspiracy with Aaron Burr regarding the Louisiana Territory.

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Lewis & Clark and the Corps of Discovery

Expedition organized to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory.

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Sacagawea

A Shoshone guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition.

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Five Civilized Tribes

Native American nations that adopted various cultural practices to coexist with European settlers.

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Indian Intercourse Act of 1790

Law requiring treaties to be established to secure Indian lands.

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Cherokee National Council

Governing body of the Cherokee aimed at self-governance and legal codification.

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Sequoyah

Creator of the Cherokee syllabary, facilitating literacy among the Cherokee.

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Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who attempted to form an Indian alliance against American expansion.

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Tenskwatawa

Spiritual leader of the Shawnee known as the Shawnee Prophet.

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Treaty of Ft. Wayne

An agreement that ceded land from Native American tribes to the U.S. government.

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Andrew Jackson

Military commander who became a national hero after his victory at New Orleans.

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Battle of Horseshoe Bend

A decisive battle in the Creek War where Jackson led American forces to victory.

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Impressment

The act of forcibly taking individuals into military service.

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Chesapeake Affair

A British naval attack in 1807 on an American ship as part of impressment efforts.

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Embargo Act

A law prohibiting American ships from trading with foreign nations, aiming to apply economic pressure.

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James Madison

The fourth President of the U.S. who navigated the country through the War of 1812.

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Non-Intercourse Act

An act reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France.

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Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists to discuss grievances over the War of 1812.

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Treaty of Ghent

Agreement that ended the War of 1812 and restored prewar boundaries.

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Battle of New Orleans

A significant American victory in the War of 1812 that boosted national pride.

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Adams-Onís Treaty

The 1819 treaty that ceded Florida to the U.S. from Spain.

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Monroe Doctrine

The principle that opposed European colonialism in the Americas.

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“middling sort”

The social class between the wealthy elite and the impoverished working class.

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“republican wives”

Women expected to raise virtuous citizens and uphold republican values in their households.

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Virginia’s Statutes of Religious Freedom

Legislation promoting religious liberty authored by Thomas Jefferson.