AP Statistics - Chapter 5 Vocabulary [Sampling Ver.]

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This covers basic vocabulary and sampling vocabulary in the Sampling portion of Chapter 5 in AP Statistics.

25 Terms

1

Statistics

values calculated for sample data

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2

Population

the entire group of individuals or instances about whom we hope to learn

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3

Sample

a (representative) subset of a population, examined in hope of learning about the population

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4

Parameter

a numerically valued attribute of a model for a population; we hope to estimate the true value from sample data

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5

Sample Statistic

those that correspond to, and thus estimate, a population parameter, are of particular interest

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6

Census

a sample that consists of the entire population

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7

Sample Survey

a survey that asks questions of a sample drawn from some population in the hope of learning something about the entire population

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8

Representative

a sample is said to be representative if the statistics computed from it accurately reflect the corresponding population parameters

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9

Bias

any systemic failure of a sampling method to represent its population

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10

Undercoverage/Selection Bias

a sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives party of the population less representation than it has in the population

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11

Response/Measurement Bias

anything in a survey design that influences responses; one typical response bias arises from the wording of a question which may favor certain responses

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12

Nonresponse Bias

bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fail to respond; those that do respond likely do not represent the total population

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13

Voluntary Response Bias

bias introduced to a survey when individuals can choose on their own whether or participate in the sample; samples based on voluntary responses are always invalid and cannot be recovered

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14

Randomization

the best defense against bias is randomization, in which each individual is given a fair, random chance at being selected

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15

Sampling Frame

a list of individuals from whom the sample is draw; may be in the population of interest but those not in the sampling frame cannot be included in any sample

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16

Sampling Variability

the natural tendency of randomly drawn samples to differ from one another; sometimes called sampling error but is not actually an error, just a natural result of random sampling

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17

SRS (Simple Random Sampling)

a simple random sample of size n is one in which each set of n elements in the population has n equal chance of selection

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18

Sampling With Replacement (Independent Events)

picking a thing and then placing it back into the sample, to be able to be selected again

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19

Sampling Without Replacement (Dependent Events)

picking a thing and then not putting it back into the sample so it cannot be selected again

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20

Stratified Random Sample

a population divided into several strata and then random samples are drawn from each stratum; the the stratum are homogeneous but different from each other, a stratified sample may yield more consistent results

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21

Strata

subpopulations with homogeneous classmates but are distinctly different from other groups

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22

Cluster Sample

entire groups, “clusters”, are chosen at random; usually selected as a matter of convenience, practicality, or cost; each cluster should be heterogeneous (and representative of the population) so all the clusters should be similar to each other

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23

Multistage Sample

combines several sampling methods.

example: national polling service may stratify the country by geographical regions, select a random sample of cities from each region, and then interview a cluster of residents in each city

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24

Systemic Sample

drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sample frame; when there is no relationship between the order of the sampling frame and the variables of interest, a systemic sample can be representative

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25

Convenience Sample

consists of the individuals who are conveniently available; often fail to be representative because every individual in the population is not equally convenient to sample

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