final first aid for exam2023- 2024

Principles of First Aid

General guidelines to follow when providing first aid, such as keeping the victim away from danger sources and helping them quickly and carefully.

Controlling Bleeding

First aid techniques used to manage and stop bleeding from wounds.

Fracture First Aid

First aid procedures for assisting individuals with fractures.

Insect Bites First Aid

First aid measures to be taken in response to insect bites.

Poisonings First Aid

First aid actions to help individuals who have been poisoned.

Scene Survey

Initial assessment of the surroundings to ensure safety before providing first aid.

Primary Survey

The first assessment of an injured or ill person to identify and address life-threatening conditions.

Secondary Survey

A detailed physical examination following the primary survey to uncover additional injuries or illnesses.

Victim's History

Gathering information about the injured or ill person, including signs, symptoms, allergies, medications, past history, and events leading to the injury or illness.

Mnemonic LLFAS

A tool to guide the examination of an area, involving looking, listening, feeling, and smelling for specific indicators.

Recovery Position

A specific body position used to help maintain an open airway in an unconscious but breathing individual.

Open Wounds

Various types of wounds that break the skin's surface, such as abrasions, incisions, lacerations, contusions, punctures, gunshot wounds, avulsions, and amputations.

Complications and Dangers of Wounds

Potential risks associated with wounds, including injury to blood vessels, nerves, tendons, wound infection, hemorrhage, and shock.

First Aid of Wounds

Initial steps to take when providing first aid for wounds, including reassuring the victim, protecting oneself, exposing the wound, and controlling bleeding.

Bleeding

The escape of blood from blood vessels, which can occur externally or internally.

External Bleeding

Blood loss that is visible from an open wound, categorized into capillary, venous, and arterial bleeding.

First Aid for Bleeding

Techniques to manage bleeding, such as applying pressure, elevating the injured area, and using pressure points to stop the flow of blood.

Internal Bleeding

Bleeding that occurs inside the body, often not visible externally, and can be caused by injuries or medical conditions.

Signs of Internal Bleeding

Bruises, abdominal pain, vomiting blood, black or red stool, fractured ribs or chest.

First Aid for Internal Bleeding

Lay the victim down with head low, raise legs if possible, loosen constricting clothing, monitor breathing and pulse, keep victim covered, arrange urgent transfer to hospital.

Fractures

Breaks or cracks in bones, which can be open, closed, stable, or unstable.

Types of Fractures

Open, closed, stable, unstable, greenstick, transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, avulsion, impacted, fissure.

Signs and Symptoms of Fractures

Severe pain, tenderness, deformity, swelling, loss of function, crepitus, blood from orifices, shock.

First Aid for Fractures

Treat life-threatening issues, control bleeding, splint fractures, immobilize, elevate affected part, arrange transfer to hospital.

Dislocation

Joint injury where bones are displaced from their normal position, often associated with torn ligaments or fractures.

Causes of Dislocation

Strong force or muscle contraction leading to bones being pulled out of place.

First Aid for Dislocation

Support injured part, immobilize with sling, send victim to hospital, monitor vital signs, check circulation regularly.

Strains and Sprains

Injuries to ligaments (sprains) or muscles/tendons (strains) treated with RICE - Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.

R.I.C.E.

Acronym for Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation - a method for treating strains and sprains.

Thermal Burns

Burns caused by dry heat (such as flame, hot water bottle) or moist heat (such as steam, boiling water).

Chemical Burns

Burns caused by strong acids or strong alkalis.

Electrical Burns

Burns caused by exposure to electricity, leading to local and systemic effects on the body.

Radiation Burns

Burns caused by exposure to ultraviolet rays, x-rays, or sunburns.

First Degree Burns

Superficial burns affecting the epidermis, characterized by pain, redness, tingling, and hyperesthesia.

Second Degree Burns

Burns involving the epidermis and part of the dermis, leading to edema and blister formation.

Third Degree Burns

Burns that destroy the full thickness of the skin, including the epidermis, entire dermis, and sometimes subcutaneous tissue.

First Aid for Thermal Burns

Initial steps to be taken in case of thermal burns, including laying the victim down, cooling the burned area, and covering it to prevent contamination.