Ôn tập general biology

What are the levels of organization in living organisms?

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organisms → Populations → Ecosystems → Biosphere.

What is metabolism?

The sum of all chemical reactions that provide energy for life processes.

What does homeostasis refer to?

Maintaining stable internal conditions such as body temperature and pH.

How does life reproduce?

Life reproduces using DNA as genetic material.

What is Charles Darwin's theory related to evolution?

Natural selection drives evolution by favoring traits that increase survival.

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of matter, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

What is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons.

What role does water's polarity play?

It makes water an excellent solvent.

What is the pH scale range for acids?

0-6.

What are the four main types of biomolecules necessary for life?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

What do proteins do in living organisms?

They create cell structure, catalyze chemical reactions, and transport substances.

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

It contains DNA and controls cellular activities.

What is the fluid-mosaic model?

It describes the plasma membrane as a flexible structure where molecules can move freely.

What does selective permeability mean in reference to the plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane allows only certain substances to pass through.

What is the difference between passive transport and active transport?

Passive transport does not require energy, while active transport requires energy (ATP).

What happens in a hypotonic solution?

Water enters the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

What is glycolysis?

An anaerobic process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP.

What does fermentation do?

Converts pyruvate into lactate or ethanol in the absence of oxygen.

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen.

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

To convert CO₂ into glucose using ATP and NADPH.

What occurs during mitosis?

The division of the nucleus and cytoplasm.

What are the phases of meiosis?

Meiosis I (homologous chromosomes separate) and Meiosis II (sister chromatids separate).

What is the structure of DNA?

A double helix made of nucleotides, following Chargaff's Rule (A-T, G-C).

What is the primary function of enzymes?

To act as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

What is endocytosis?

The process by which a cell engulfs solid particles or liquids.

What is the function of CRISPR-Cas9?

It allows for precise gene editing.