Chapter 2 APUSH

Chattel Slavery

The idea that human beings can be property, predominantly involving African peoples.

Neo-Europes

Colonies in the Americas that attempted to replicate European economies and social structures.

Encomienda

System in which Spanish conquistadors were granted the right to collect goods and labor from Native Americans.

Casta system

A legal code ranking people based on race or racial mixture.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, people, and diseases across the Atlantic that significantly affected populations both in the Americas and Europe.

Mercantilism

An economic system supported by the government to enhance national power, influencing colonization.

Joint-stock corporation

A financial model where resources from investors fund ventures like English expansion, reducing individual risk.

House of Burgesses

The first representative government in America, established by the Virginia Company, which made laws and collected taxes.

Freeholds

Small family-owned plantations ranging from 30 to 50 acres.

Headright system

A system granting 50 acres of land to anyone paying for an immigrant's passage to the colony.

Indentured servitude

Contracts where young English men worked for 4-5 years in exchange for passage to America and the chance for a better life.

Pilgrims

Protestant separatists who sailed to America on the Mayflower to establish Plymouth and self-govern via the Mayflower Compact.

Puritans

Protestants aiming to purify the Anglican Church, leading to their migration to America due to persecution.

Toleration

The belief that political leaders only have authority over physical matters, not spiritual ones, as advocated by Roger Williams.

Covenant of works

The belief that good works could save believers.

Covenant of grace

The belief that only predestined individuals can be saved, a view supported by Anne Hutchinson.

Town meeting

The primary form of local government in Massachusetts, allowing most men to vote.

Royal colony

A colony controlled directly by the king, as Virginia became in 1624 under James I.

Metacom’s War

A conflict driven by puritan-native tensions, leading to significant casualties on both sides, especially among Native Americans.

Pueblo Revolt

A revolt led by the Pueblo against Spanish efforts to impose Catholicism, resulting in initial Native American victory.

Philip II

The Catholic king of Spain known for waging wars against England and depleting Spain’s resources.

Opechancanough

Powhatan’s successor who initiated violent conflicts with English settlers.

Lord Baltimore

The Catholic noble who established Maryland as a refuge for Catholics, enacting the Toleration Act.

John Winthrop

Leader of the Puritan exodus; governed the Massachusetts Bay Colony enforcing Puritanism as the sole religion.

Roger Williams

A minister advocating for religious freedom and land rights for Native Americans, founded Providence.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan dissident advocating for personal revelation over the established church doctrine.

Metacom

Wampanoag chief who led resistance against colonial expansion in Metacom's War.