Chapter 2 APUSH

Key concepts

Chattel Slavery

• Idea that Human beings can be property. Mostly African peoples were put into Chattel Slavery.

Neo-Europes

• Type of colony in the Americas that tried replicated European economies and social structures.

Encomienda

• System given by the Spanish monarch that allowed conquistadors to collect goods and labor from Native Americans. These grants were especially important because of gold and silver. 

Casta system

• A legal code that ranked people based on race/racial mixture.

Columbian Exchange

• The exchange of goods, people, and diseases across the Atlantic. Disease (i.e. smallpox, influenza)killed around 90 percent of native populations and syphilis was brought back to Europe.The exchange of foods increased agriculture yield and population growth.

Mercantilism

• System of manufacturing and trade assisted by the country’s government to improve the country’s power. Queen Elizabeth I’s mercantile policies in England fueled colonization and influence in the Americas and Europe. It was the idea that 

Joint-stock corporation

• Resources from investors are used to fund things like English expansion so the financial risk isn’t as high. Companies such as the Virginia Company used this financial model to fund Jamestown.

House of Burgesses

• A representative government created by the Virginia company with representatives that would make laws and determine taxes.

Freeholds

• Small plantations(30-50 acres) owned by families and farmed by families. 

Headright system

• System that gave 50 acres to anyone who paid for a new immigrant’s passage to the colony. This meant buying indentured servants and slaves now allowed for greatest efficiency.

Indentured servitude

• Young english men who signed contracts to labor for 4-5 years in America and then be free to marry and work freely. The servants provided a ton of profit with tobacco and they were often exploited. Most servants either died or stayed in poverty. 

Pilgrims

• Protestant separatists who left the Anglican church and sailed to America on the Mayflower. They created and established Plymouth, and created the Mayflower Compact to self-govern themselves. 

Puritans

• Protestants who didn’t separate from the Anglican church but wanted to purify it since they thought the English king had Catholic beliefs. They were prosecuted and purged by the archbishop of England, so they went to America.

Toleration

• Belief that political leaders only had authority over physical things, not spiritual lives. Advocated by Roger Williams. 

Covenant of works

• Belief that good works could save believers 

Covenant of grace

• Belief that only predestined people can be saved. Advocated by Anne Hutchinson.

Town meeting

• Main institution of local government in Massachusetts where most men could vote. Even ordinary farmers had political power.

Key events 

Royal colony

• 1624, James I of England removed Virginia Company’s charter over Virginia and made it a royal colony, meaning England controlled the colony. 

Metacom’s War

• Because of conflicts between puritans and Native Americans, the Wampanoag and allied tribes destroyed a fifth of English towns and killed around 1000 settlers, prompting war. More than 4500 Indians died due to disease, famine, and war. Most of the surviving native americans had to join other tribes. 

Pueblo Revolt

• The Catholic Spaniards attempted to convert the Pueblo to Catholicism, but the Pueblo resisted and stayed with their original religion. The Spaniards punished the Pueblos through hanging and whipping, so Pope, a religious Pueblo leader, led a revolt and killed 400 spaniards, taking back New mexico. Although the Spanish eventually retook Santa fe, they made things less harsh for the Pueblo because of fear of rebellion.

Key people

Philip II

• The Catholic king of Spain who fought against England and spent all of Spain’s capital on religious wars.

Opechancanough

• Powhatan’s younger brother/successor who attacked English settlers in 1607, and when he became chief, he decided all English settlers needed to be killed. 

Lord Baltimore

• A Catholic aristocrat who was granted land near Chesapeake Bay by King Charles I. This prompted many catholics, who were often persecuted in protestant England, to go to Maryland. To protect the colony’s stability(religious), he passed the Toleration Act 1649 allowing Christians(catholic or protestant) to follow their beliefs. 

John Winthrop

• Led the Puritan exodus from England in 1630 of 900 migrants and became governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a joint-stock-company. Winthrop did not believe in toleration and established Puritanism as the only religion and the Bible as the law.

Roger Williams

• Puritan minister in Salem who opposed having an official religion and religious intoleration, as well as seizure of native american lands. This led to him becoming a dissident and getting banished by the Massachusetts Bay company in 1636, so he founded a new city, Providence, in Rhode Island where all christian religions were tolerated and there was no state-church.

Anne Hutchinson

• A puritan woman who believed only predestination (covenant of grace) would save people, and that God reveals truth directly to individual believers. This was heretical to the Puritan leaders and she was a woman, so the Massachusetts Bay leaders banished her. She also went to Rhode Island. 

Metacom

• Wampanoag leader who participated in Metacom’s War because he determined the English colonists had to be killed and expelled after multiple conflicts.