Social Development and Global Resource Issues Review

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary for social development, indicators of development, global health issues, migration types, and environmental impacts like consumerism.

Enterprise Zones

Designated areas, such as the $24$ set up in $2012$, where businesses receive a range of planning and financial support packages to encourage redevelopment.

Positive multiplier

A process where development provides jobs, increasing spending power, which in turn creates work for local suppliers and services, leading to further job creation.

Social development

A measure of how well a society is changing for the better or how living standards are improving.

Life expectancy

The average age a person is expected to live to in a population.

Literacy rate

The percentage of people in a population who can read or write.

Infant mortality rate

The number of babies per $1000$ live births who die under the age of one.

Fertility rate

The average number of births to a woman in her lifetime.

Gender inequality index (GII)

A measurement of gender disparity that assesses reproductive health, empowerment, and economic status.

Gross domestic product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year.

Variables

Factors that can change and influence an outcome.

Continuum of social development

A way of thinking about social development as a continuous process that does not have a fixed end point.

Development gap

The gap that exists in the measurement of development between the world's richest and poorest countries.

Human development index (HDI)

A measure of development in a country that takes into account wealth, education, and average life expectancy.

Gross national income (GNI) per capita

The average income in a country per person.

Birth rate

The number of births per $1000$ people per year.

Death rate

The number of deaths per $1000$ people per year.

Population pyramid

A graph that shows the age and gender distribution of a population using five-year age groups.

Child labour

Work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential, and their dignity.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

Caste system

An Indian class system which involves determining social class by the one a person is born into.

Economic migrants

People who move with the hope of earning more money elsewhere.

Pull factors

Factors that attract people to a place.

Push factors

Factors that make people want to leave a place.

Asylum seekers

People who have applied for legal recognition as refugees in another country and are waiting for a decision.

International refugees

People who are forced to leave where they live to move to another country due to conflict, persecution, or natural disaster.

Schengen agreement

An $EU$ agreement signed in $1995$ whereby border checks between some member states have largely been removed.

Malaria

A serious tropical disease caused by parasites spread by infected mosquitoes; symptoms include fever, headaches, vomiting, and muscle pain.

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus, which attacks the body's immune system and weakens its ability to fight infections.

AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the final stage of $HIV$ infection which may lead to death unless treated.

Top-down approach

Large-scale development projects that are decided on and administered by national governments.

Bottom-up approach

Small-scale projects that are planned and led by local communities to help their local area.

Consumerism

The idea that it is good if people buy an increasing amount of goods or services.

Food miles

The distance that food travels from where it is grown or reared to where it is consumed.

Ecological footprint

A measure of the impact on the natural environment a person's lifestyle has, measured as the land area required to sustain it.