3/14 tersm quiz

Mercantilism

Economic policy where colonies exist to benefit the mother country through trade.

Declaration of Independence

1776 document declaring American independence from Britain.

Constitution

Supreme law of the U.S., establishing government structure and principles.

Checks & Balances

System preventing any branch of government from becoming too powerful.

Federal Naturalization Law of 1790

Granted U.S. citizenship only to free white people.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution, protecting individual freedoms.

Amendments

Changes or additions to the U.S. Constitution.

Judicial Review

Power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional (Marbury v. Madison).

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement allowing Missouri as a slave state and Maine as free.

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of Cherokee and other tribes, causing thousands of deaths.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery in the U.S.

Fugitive Slave Law

Required the return of escaped enslaved people to their owners.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruling that enslaved people were property, not citizens.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s speech emphasizing democracy and unity during the Civil War.

Emancipation Proclamation

1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate states.

Sea Island Experiments

Early Reconstruction effort to educate freed African Americans.

Freedman’s Bureau

Government agency aiding freed enslaved people after the Civil War.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group terrorizing Black Americans post-Civil War.

Fourteenth Amendment

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.

U.S. v. Reese

Limited Black voting rights by allowing literacy tests and poll taxes.

Sharecropping

Labor system where farmers worked land for a share of the crops.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction; withdrew federal troops from the South.

Jim Crow

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

“Birth of a Nation”

1915 racist film glorifying the Ku Klux Klan.

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington’s speech advocating Black economic progress.

N.A.A.C.P.

Organization fighting for civil rights and racial equality.

Social Darwinism

Belief that 'survival of the fittest' applies to human society.

Lewis Hine

Photographer exposing child labor abuses.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Union for skilled workers advocating for labor rights.

Pullman Strike

1894 nationwide railway strike crushed by federal troops.

Exodusters

African Americans migrating to Kansas for freedom after Reconstruction.

Reservations

Land designated for Native American tribes by the U.S. government.

Dawes Act

Divided Native American land to force assimilation.

Massacre at Wounded Knee

1890 U.S. army killing of Lakota Sioux, ending Native resistance.

Bonanza Farms

Large-scale commercial farms in the late 1800s.

Buffalo Bill

Wild West showman who romanticized frontier life.

Ethnic Communities

Immigrant neighborhoods preserving cultural traditions.

Gentlemen’s Agreement

1907 U.S.-Japan deal limiting Japanese immigration.

Angel Island

Immigration processing center in California, mostly for Asians.

Settlement House

Community center providing services to immigrants and the poor.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news to influence public opinion.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 ruling upholding racial segregation ('separate but equal').

Filipino War

U.S. conflict suppressing Philippine independence (1899–1902).

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. policy asserting the right to intervene in Latin America.

Panama Canal

Waterway connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed in 1914.

Anti-Imperialist League

Group opposing U.S. expansion overseas.

Coal Strike of 1902

Theodore Roosevelt mediated this labor dispute.

John Muir

Conservationist advocating for national parks.

Alice Paul

Suffragist who fought for women’s right to vote.

Buchanan v. Warley

Supreme Court ruling against racial housing segregation.

Committee on Public Information

U.S. propaganda agency during WWI.

League of Nations

International organization for peace after WWI, U.S. never joined.

Daylight Savings Time

Introduced in WWI to save energy.

Palmer Raids

1920 crackdown on suspected communists and anarchists.

National Origins Act

1924 law restricting immigration, favoring Northern Europeans.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Organization defending civil rights.

Flapper

1920s women challenging traditional gender norms.

Rosewood

1923 Florida town destroyed in a racist massacre.

Lost Generation

Disillusioned post-WWI writers like Hemingway and Fitzgerald.

Harlem Renaissance

1920s cultural movement celebrating Black art and literature.

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925 trial debating evolution vs. religion in schools.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist leader promoting self-reliance.

Buck v. Bell

1927 ruling allowing forced sterilization of the 'unfit'.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by the homeless during the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

WWI veterans protesting for early pension payments.

Eleanor Roosevelt

First Lady, activist for civil rights and women’s rights.

Repatriation

Forced deportation of Mexican Americans during the Great Depression.

Wagner Act

Protected workers' rights to unionize and bargain collectively.

Southern Tenant Farmers Union

Group fighting for sharecroppers’ rights.

WPA (Works Progress Administration)

New Deal program creating jobs.

Demagogue

Leader who gains power by exploiting emotions and prejudices.

Executive Order 8802

Banned racial discrimination in wartime industries.

Manhattan Project

Secret U.S. program developing the atomic bomb.

“Rosie the Riveter”

Symbol of women working in war industries during WWII.

Tuskegee Airmen

African American fighter pilots in WWII.

Henry Kaiser

Industrialist known for mass-producing ships in WWII.

Zoot Suit Riots

1943 attacks on Mexican American youths in Los Angeles.

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette

Ruled that students can't be forced to salute the flag.

Korematsu v. U.S.

Upheld Japanese American internment during WWII.

Port Chicago

Deadly WWII explosion highlighting racial injustice in the military.

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

Investigated suspected communists.

Executive Order 9981

Desegregated the U.S. military.

Interstate Highway Act

1956 law creating the modern highway system.

Brinkmanship

Cold War strategy of pushing conflicts to the edge of war.