3/14 tersm quiz

Mercantilism – Economic policy where colonies exist to benefit the mother country through trade.

Declaration of Independence – 1776 document declaring American independence from Britain.

Constitution – Supreme law of the U.S., establishing government structure and principles.

Checks & Balances – System preventing any branch of government from becoming too powerful.

Federal Naturalization Law of 1790 – Granted U.S. citizenship only to free white people.

Bill of Rights – First 10 amendments to the Constitution, protecting individual freedoms.

Amendments – Changes or additions to the U.S. Constitution.

Judicial Review – Power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional (Marbury v. Madison).

Missouri Compromise – 1820 agreement allowing Missouri as a slave state, Maine as free.

Trail of Tears – Forced removal of Cherokee and other tribes, causing thousands of deaths.

Abolitionism – Movement to end slavery in the U.S.

Fugitive Slave Law – Required the return of escaped enslaved people to their owners.

Dred Scott Decision – Supreme Court ruling that enslaved people were property, not citizens.

Gettysburg Address – Lincoln’s speech emphasizing democracy and unity during the Civil War.

Emancipation Proclamation – 1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate states.

Sea Island Experiments – Early Reconstruction effort to educate freed African Americans.

Freedman’s Bureau – Government agency aiding freed enslaved people after the Civil War.

Ku Klux Klan – White supremacist group terrorizing Black Americans post-Civil War.

Fourteenth Amendment – Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.

U.S. v. Reese – Limited Black voting rights by allowing literacy tests and poll taxes.

Sharecropping – Labor system where farmers worked land for a share of the crops.

Compromise of 1877 – Ended Reconstruction; withdrew federal troops from the South.

Jim Crow – Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

“Birth of a Nation” – 1915 racist film glorifying the Ku Klux Klan.

Atlanta Compromise – Booker T. Washington’s speech advocating Black economic progress.

N.A.A.C.P. – Organization fighting for civil rights and racial equality.

Social Darwinism – Belief that “survival of the fittest” applies to human society.

Lewis Hine – Photographer exposing child labor abuses.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) – Union for skilled workers advocating for labor rights.

Pullman Strike – 1894 nationwide railway strike crushed by federal troops.

Exodusters – African Americans migrating to Kansas for freedom after Reconstruction.

Reservations – Land designated for Native American tribes by the U.S. government.

Dawes Act – Divided Native American land to force assimilation.

Massacre at Wounded Knee – 1890 U.S. army killing of Lakota Sioux, ending Native resistance.

Bonanza Farms – Large-scale commercial farms in the late 1800s.

Buffalo Bill – Wild West showman who romanticized frontier life.

Ethnic Communities – Immigrant neighborhoods preserving cultural traditions.

Gentlemen’s Agreement – 1907 U.S.-Japan deal limiting Japanese immigration.

Angel Island – Immigration processing center in California, mostly for Asians.

Settlement House – Community center providing services to immigrants and the poor.

Yellow Journalism – Sensationalized news to influence public opinion.

Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896 ruling upholding racial segregation (“separate but equal”).

Filipino War – U.S. conflict suppressing Philippine independence (1899–1902).

Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. policy asserting the right to intervene in Latin America.

Panama Canal – Waterway connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed in 1914.

Anti-Imperialist League – Group opposing U.S. expansion overseas.

Coal Strike of 1902 – Theodore Roosevelt mediated this labor dispute.

John Muir – Conservationist advocating for national parks.

Alice Paul – Suffragist who fought for women’s right to vote.

Buchanan v. Warley – Supreme Court ruling against racial housing segregation.

Committee on Public Information – U.S. propaganda agency during WWI.

League of Nations – International organization for peace after WWI, U.S. never joined.

Daylight Savings Time – Introduced in WWI to save energy.

Palmer Raids – 1920 crackdown on suspected communists and anarchists.

National Origins Act – 1924 law restricting immigration, favoring Northern Europeans.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) – Organization defending civil rights.

Flapper – 1920s women challenging traditional gender norms.

Rosewood – 1923 Florida town destroyed in a racist massacre.

Lost Generation – Disillusioned post-WWI writers like Hemingway and Fitzgerald.

Harlem Renaissance – 1920s cultural movement celebrating Black art and literature.

Scopes Monkey Trial – 1925 trial debating evolution vs. religion in schools.

Marcus Garvey – Black nationalist leader promoting self-reliance.

Buck v. Bell – 1927 ruling allowing forced sterilization of the “unfit.”

Hoovervilles – Shantytowns built by the homeless during the Great Depression.

Bonus Army – WWI veterans protesting for early pension payments.

Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady, activist for civil rights and women’s rights.

Repatriation – Forced deportation of Mexican Americans during the Great Depression.

Wagner Act – Protected workers' rights to unionize and bargain collectively.

Southern Tenant Farmers Union – Group fighting for sharecroppers’ rights.

WPA (Works Progress Administration) – New Deal program creating jobs.

Demagogue – Leader who gains power by exploiting emotions and prejudices.

Executive Order 8802 – Banned racial discrimination in wartime industries.

Manhattan Project – Secret U.S. program developing the atomic bomb.

“Rosie the Riveter” – Symbol of women working in war industries during WWII.

Tuskegee Airmen – African American fighter pilots in WWII.

Henry Kaiser – Industrialist known for mass-producing ships in WWII.

Zoot Suit Riots – 1943 attacks on Mexican American youths in Los Angeles.

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette – Ruled that students can't be forced to salute the flag.

Korematsu v. U.S. – Upheld Japanese American internment during WWII.

Port Chicago – Deadly WWII explosion highlighting racial injustice in the military.

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) – Investigated suspected communists.

Executive Order 9981 – Desegregated the U.S. military.

Interstate Highway Act – 1956 law creating the modern highway system.

Brinkmanship – Cold War strategy of pushing conflicts to the edge of war.