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Health Psychology
The study of how psychological factors influence physical health and illness
Stress
Psychological and physical response to perceived challenges or threats
Hypertension
A condition characterized by consistently high blood pressure that can lead to health complications
Immune suppression
The reduced ability of the immune systems to fight off infections and diseases
Stressors
Events or situations that trigger stress responses in individuals
Eustress
A positive form of stress that can motivate and enhance performance
Distress
Negative form of stress that can lead to anxiety and decreased performance
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Traumatic events during childhood that can negatively impact a persons health and well-being later in life
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
A three-state response to stress that includes alarm, resistance and exhaustion
Alarm reaction phase
The initial response to stress where the body detects a threat and activated the fight or flight response
Flight-flight-freeze response
An automatic physiological reaction to a perceived threat, preparing the body to either escape, confront, or freeze in place
Resistance Phase
The body’s adaption stage to prolonged stress where it tries to cope with and resist the stressor
Exhaustion phase
Occurs when the body’s resources are depleted after prolonged stress, leading to decreased functioning and increased vulnerability to illness
Tend-and-befriend theory
In response to stress, individuals, especially women, are more likely to seek social support and nurture others rather than just fight or flee
Problem-focused coping
Involves actively addressing and attempting to solve the source of stress to reduce its impact
Emotion-focused coping
Involves managing an regulating emotional response to stress rather then addressing the stressor itself
Positive psychology
The study of strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive and lead fulfilling lives
Well-being
A state of overall happiness and health, encompassing emotional, psychological and social aspects of life
Resilience
The ability to adapt and bounce back from adversity, stress or challenging situations
Positive emotions
Feelings that enhance well-being and promote adaptation functioning, such as joy, gratitude and love
Gratitude
The appreciation for what one has, often leading to positive emotions and imposed well-being
Positive subjective experiences
Personal feelings of happiness and satisfaction that contribute to an individuals overall sense of well-being
Subjective well-being
An individuals self-reported assessment of their own happiness and life satisfaction
Signature strengths (virtues)
Unique positive traits and equalities that characterize an individuals personality and contribute to their flourishing
Positive objective experiences
Measurable events or situations that contribute to an individuals happiness and well-being
Happiness
A positive emotional state characterized by feelings of joy, contentment and life satisfaction
Categories of virtues
Classifications of positive traits that promote individual and collective flourishing, often grouped into areas like wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance and transcendence
Wisdom
Ability to make sound judgements and decisions based on knowledge, experience and insight
Courage
The mental or moral strength to confront fear, pain or adversity
Humanity
The quality of being compassionate and showing kindness and empathy towards others
Justice
The principle of fairness and the pursuit of equality in treatment and opportunities for all individuals
Temperance
The practice of self-control and moderation in one’s desires and actions
Transcendence
The ability to rise above limitations and achieve a higher state of consciousness or understanding
Posttraumatic growth
The positive psychological change that can occur as a result of struggling with challenging life circumstances
Dysfunction
The impaired functioning of an individual or system that disrupts normal behavior or processes
Deviation from the societal norm
Behavior that significantly differs from the accepted standards of a society
Cultural/Societal Norms
The shared expectations and rules that guide behavior within a specific group or society
Stigma
Negative perception/label associated with a particular characteristic or behavior that leads to discrimination or social disapproval
Racism
The belief that one race is superior to others, leading to discrimination and prejudice based on racial differences
Sexism
The belief that one gender is superior to another, resulting in discrimination and prejudice based on gender differences
Ageism
The discrimination/prejudice against individuals based on their age, often leading to negative stereotypes about older or younger people
Discrimination
The unfair treatment of individuals based on their group membership, race, gender or age
Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM)
A comprehensive classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose and categorize mental disorders
International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)
Global standard for diagnosing and classifying health conditions, including mental disorders, used by healthcare providers worldwide
Eclectic Approach
A method that combines techniques and theories from different psychological schools to address a clients needs
Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on studying observable behaviors and the ways they’re learned through interactions with the environment
Maladaptive learned associations
Negative connections formed between stimuli and responses that can lead to harmful behaviors or emotional issues
Psychodynamic perspective
Emphasized the influence of unconscious processes and childhood experiences on behavior and mental states
Humanistic Perspective
Focuses on individual potential; self-actualization, and the importance of personal growth and free will
Cognitive Perspective
Examines mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving to understand behavior
Evolutionary Perspective
Explores how natural selection and adaptation influence behavior and mental processes
Sociocultural Perspective
Examines how social and cultural factors influence behavior, thoughts and emotions
Biological Perspective
Focuses on the influence of genetics, brain structure, and neuroscientist Ty on behavior and mental processes
Biopsychological model
Inegrates biological, psychological and social factors to understand health and illness (biopsych unit)
Diathesis-Stress Model
Suggests that psychological disorders develop due to the interaction between a predisposition to a disorder and environmental stressors