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21 Terms

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Artificial selection

Breeding of animals and plants for desired traits.

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Natural selection

Process by which species change over time.

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Stabilizing selection

A type of selection that favors an average value, creating a 'center bump' on the graph.

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Directional selection

A type of selection that favors one extreme or the other, resulting in a 'left or right bump' on the graph.

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Disruptive selection

A type of selection that favors both extremes, leading to the beginning of speciation.

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Morphology

The physical form of an organism.

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Homologous features

Features that indicate common ancestry, showing shared DNA sequences and beneficial traits like mimicry or camouflage.

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Analogous features

Structures that evolved separately without a close common ancestor.

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Vestigial features

Nonfunctional leftover features from evolution.

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Fitness

The ability to survive and produce fertile offspring.

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Reproductive isolation

When members of the same species become unable to reproduce.

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Allopatric speciation

Speciation that occurs due to a physical geographic barrier.

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Sympatric isolation

Speciation that occurs when species in the same area are unable to reproduce.

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Evolution

The change in allele frequency in a population over time.

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Genetic drift

A random event that alters the allele frequencies remaining in a population.

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Bottleneck event

A brief reduction in population size that causes inbreeding.

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Founder effect

When a small group leaves a larger population to establish a new one in a different location.

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Adaptive radiation

The process where variations of the same species adapt to separate niches to minimize competition.

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A condition where a population is non-evolving, characterized by large size, random mating, no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection.

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Hardy-Weinberg formula

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, used to calculate allele frequencies in a population.

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Homozygous recessive

The allele frequency represented by q^2 in the Hardy-Weinberg equation.