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Artificial selection
Breeding of animals and plants for desired traits.
Natural selection
Process by which species change over time.
Stabilizing selection
A type of selection that favors an average value, creating a 'center bump' on the graph.
Directional selection
A type of selection that favors one extreme or the other, resulting in a 'left or right bump' on the graph.
Disruptive selection
A type of selection that favors both extremes, leading to the beginning of speciation.
Morphology
The physical form of an organism.
Homologous features
Features that indicate common ancestry, showing shared DNA sequences and beneficial traits like mimicry or camouflage.
Analogous features
Structures that evolved separately without a close common ancestor.
Vestigial features
Nonfunctional leftover features from evolution.
Fitness
The ability to survive and produce fertile offspring.
Reproductive isolation
When members of the same species become unable to reproduce.
Allopatric speciation
Speciation that occurs due to a physical geographic barrier.
Sympatric isolation
Speciation that occurs when species in the same area are unable to reproduce.
Evolution
The change in allele frequency in a population over time.
Genetic drift
A random event that alters the allele frequencies remaining in a population.
Bottleneck event
A brief reduction in population size that causes inbreeding.
Founder effect
When a small group leaves a larger population to establish a new one in a different location.
Adaptive radiation
The process where variations of the same species adapt to separate niches to minimize competition.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
A condition where a population is non-evolving, characterized by large size, random mating, no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection.
Hardy-Weinberg formula
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, used to calculate allele frequencies in a population.
Homozygous recessive
The allele frequency represented by q^2 in the Hardy-Weinberg equation.