Fundoscopy

Diabetic retinopathy- blot haemorrhages, hard exudates

Diabetic maculopathy- hard exudates, haemorrhages, microaneurysms

Pre proliferative diabetic retinopathy- dot and blot haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, new vessel formations

(advanced) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy- new vessel formation, haemorrhages, hard exudates, pre retinal fibrosis

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy- new vessel formation

Diabetic maculopathy with laser photocoagulation- hard exudates, microaneurysms

Laser photocoagulation

Retinopathy with tractional detachment- poor quality, disc obscured

Normal- cup to disc ratio

Glaucoma- cup to disc ratio >0.5

Papilloedema- swollen disc, tortuous vessels

Glaucoma and macular degeneration- pale optic disc, ratio >0.5, macular scarring

Dry age related macular degeneration- retinal atrophy in macular, drusen

Hypertensive retinopathy (grade 2)- narrowing of arterioles, AV nipping

Central retinal vein occlusion- papilloedema, tortuous and dilated veins, haemorrhages, cotton wool spots (stormy sunset)

Central retinal artery occlusion- pale retina, cherry red spot

Drusen- high risk of macular degeneration

Retinitis pigmentosa- retinal pigmentation scattered in the periphery, attenuation of vessels

Branch retinal vein occlusion- haemorrhages, AV nipping, microaneurysms, hard exudates

Pre retinal haemorrhage- boat shaped haemorrhage, microaneurysms (proliferative diabetic retinopathy, trauma, subarachnoid haemorrhage)

Retinal detachment

Pre retinal haemorrhage over macular- high pressure, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, subarachnoid haemorrhage