Diatomic elements
HON 7 (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, group 7)
What is a redox equation
When oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously
What is oxidation
gain of oxygen
loss of electrons
What is reduction
gain of electrons
loss of oxygen
what is an oxidizing agent
a substance that oxidizes another species (substance) and itself is reduced
what is a reducing agent
a substance that reduces another species (substance) and itself is oxidized
Alkali metal properties
Low mp and bp
soft - cut through with a knife, inside tarnishes when exposed with air and forms dull coatings of metal oxide so its stored in oils
low density
react with water produce metal hydroxide and hydrogen
valency 1, form 1+
1 e- on outer shell
alkali metal white compound produces what
colourless solutions
What do alkaline metal oxides produce when reacted with water
soluble alkaline hydroxides
What is the trend in alkai metals
mp and bp decreases down the group because the metallic bonding get weaker so less energy is needed to break the bonds
softness increases down the group
general (not all) increase in density down the group
increase in reactivity down the group
What are group 1 elements
alkali metals
alkali metal + water →
alkali hydroxide + hydrogen gas
alkali metal + oxygen →
alkali metal oxide
Why is there an increase in reactivity down group 1
Down the group there are more shells so the distance between the nucleus and outer shell is increases.
Therefore the attraction is weaker and electrons are lost more easily.
Group 1 elements lose electrons and so they are reactive
reactive meaning
how easily an element loses or gains e-
What are group 7 elements called
halogens
when does an element displace another element
when they are more reactive then the other
Trend down group 7
reactivity decreases down the group
mp and bp increase
poor conductors
trend in halogen displacement reaction
more reactive halogen is reduced, less reactive halide ion gets oxidised
properties of halogens
exist in pairs - diatomic
simple molecular structure
intermolecular forces between molecules
2e- on outer shell so 2+ charge ion forms
Why does the mp and bp increases down 7
as you go down the Mr of molecules increases causing the strength of the intermolecular forces to increase and so more energy is needed to break the these forces
Why do halogens react in a similar way
same number of outer shell e-
outer e- determines the type of reaction
Why does reactivity increase with less shells if an element is prone to gaining e-
with less shells, incoming e- are closer to the nucleus and therefore more strongly attracted by the nucleus and easily gained
What are group 8 or group 0 elements
noble gases
Properties of noble gases
non-metal
monoatomic (exist as single atoms)
colourless
non-flammable at room temp
unreactive
glow when high voltage is applied
less dense than air
why are noble gases inert (unreactive)
don’t form ions because they have a full outer shell
why is better to say group 0 than group 8
not all noble gases have 8 e- on their outer shell
what property makes noble gases useful
their inertness is useful
what are noble gases used for
helium in balloons because it doesn’t burn, less dense than air
neon, argon and xenon used in advertising signs
- they glow brightly when high voltage applied to gas
argon in light bulbs - if filled with a reactive gas it would reactive with the metal filament when it gets hot and the metal would corrode
helium for airships - wouldn’t catch on fire
argon for welding - metals get hot and do not corrode
trend in group 0
bp increases down the group because intermolecular forces get stronger as the Ar of the atom increases - more energy is needed to break the forces
density down the group increases
Transition metal properties
malleable
ductile
conductors
shiny when polished
high mp and bp
high density
compounds form coloured compounds
catalysts
Why do transition metals form coloured compounds
they form multiple ions with different charges, this causes the colour change
the element by itself is just a grey metal colour
Iron uses
catalyses the manufacture of ammonia in the Haber process
compounds of iron (iron(iii)chloride) catalyses the manufacture of poly(chloroethene)
low carbon steel in car bodies as they are malleable
high carbon steel in construction of buildings/bridges due to strength
what is an alloy
a metal made from mixing 2 or more metals together or a metal and another substance
what is iron alloyed with
iron + carbon = steel (more carbon = stronger steel)
iron + chromium = stainless steel
iron + nickel = stainless steel (resistant to corrosion)
Gold properties
malleable
unreactive
resists corrosion
gold uses
jewellery (unreactive)
also alloyed with silver, copper, zinc to make jewellery stronger
How is gold measured
carats, 24 carats is pure gold