Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

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What is the oxidation number of I- ?

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-1 (ox number has to equal charge on molecule)

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Do coefficients affect oxidation numbers?

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No

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72 Terms

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What is the oxidation number of I- ?

-1 (ox number has to equal charge on molecule)

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Do coefficients affect oxidation numbers?

No

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What is the same among all the halogens?

They’re all diatomic

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Stock solution

original more concentrated solution (M₁V₁)

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Why do ions increase conductivity

ions carry electrical charge from one electrode to the other, completing a circuit

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Conductivity and solubility of sugar

It can dissolve in water to create a uniform mixture, but the molecule doesn’t dissociate, so it’s not conductive

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Strong acids and bases completely…

dissociate

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Strong acids

Hydrochloric acid, HCl Hydrobromic acid, HBr

Hydroiodic acid, HI Chloric acid, HClO3

Perchloric acid, HClO4 Nitric acid, HNO3

Sulfuric acid, H2SO4

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Strong bases

Group 1A metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH)

Heavy group 2A metal hydroxides [Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH2)]

*Most bases are weak*

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Acids and bases are either…

weak or strong electrolytes (never nonelectrolytes)

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All acids are…

molecular but dissociate in water

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Dissolution

to dissolve

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Dissociation

breaking up into ions

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When NaCl dissolves in water, dissociated sodium ions are said to be…

solvated (surrounded by oxygen atoms in water molecules)

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molecular bond

nonmetal + nonmetal or metalloid + nonmetal

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ionic bond

metal + nonmetal

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Ionic compounds form…

electrolytes in water

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Solubility does not equal…

conductivity

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Solution

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances

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Homogeneous mixtures have a…

constant composition

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Aqueous solution

a solution in which water is the dissolving medium (solvent)

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Electrolyte

a substance whose aqueous solutions contain ions, and can thus conduct electricity

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Nonelectrolyte

not conductive due to no ions in solution

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Solvation

process in which a solute is dissolved in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture; ions dissociate

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Ionization

when ions dissociate into their cation and anion

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Most molecular compounds are…

nonelectrolytes, except for some acids

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Strong electrolytes

solutes that exist in solution completely or nearly all as ions; all water soluble ionic compounds

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Weak electrolytes

solutes that exist in solution mostly in the form of neutral molecules with only a small fraction in the form of ions

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Weak electrolytic equations have…

double arrows to show chemical equilibrium (strong electrolytes only have 1 arrow)

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Precipitate

an insoluble solid formed by a precipitation rxn in solution

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Precipitation rxns occur when…

pairs of oppositely charged ions attract each other so strongly that they form an insoluble ionic solid

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Solubility

the amount of substance that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at the given temperature

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How to predict if a precipitate will form

  1. Note the ions present in the reactants
  2. Consider the possible cation-anion combos
  3. Use solubility rules to determine if any of these combos are insoluble
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Precipitation and neutralization rxns

exchange (metathesis) reactions; double replacement

AX + BY → AY + BX

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Molecular equation

full chemical formulas w/out indicating ions

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Complete ionic equation

soluble, strong electrolytes are separated into ions; rebalance by distributing coefficients and subscripts into ions

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Net ionic equation

when spectator ions are omitted from the equation; includes only the ions and molecules directly involved in the rxn

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Spectator ions

ions that appear in identical forms on both sides of a complete ionic equation; play no direct role in the rxn

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How to write net ionic equations

  1. Write a balanced molecular equation
  2. Write the complete ionic (only strong electrolytes dissolved in solution are written in ionic form)
  3. Identify and cancel spectator ions
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Acids

substances that ionize in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions H+ (aq); because a hydrogen atom consists of a proton and an electron, H+ is simply a proton; acids are proton donors

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Monoprotic acids

yield one H+ per molecule of acid (HCl, HNO3)

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Diprotic acid

yield two per molec (H2SO4)

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Ionization of sulfuric acid occurs…

in two steps:

H2SO4 → H + HSO4

HSO4 ⇌ H + SO4

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In acetic acid…

only one H is broken off the oxygen (CH₃COOH)

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Bases

  • substances that accept (react with) H+ ions. Bases produce hydroxide ions when they dissolve in water. Ionic hydroxide compounds, NaOH, KOH, and CO(OH)2, are the most common. 

  • Compounds that don’t contain OH can also be bases (ammonia NH3). When added to water ammonia accepts an H+ ion from a water molecule to produce an OH- ion from water.

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Examples of strong electrolytes

ionic compounds, strong acids and bases

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Examples of weak electrolytes

weak acids and bases

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Neutralization rxn

when a soln of an acid and base are mixed to form water and a salt

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Salt

any ionic compound whose cation comes from a base and whose anion comes from an acid

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Main feature of any neutralization rxn

H+ and OH- combine to form H2O

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Oxidation

when an atom, ion, or molecule becomes more positively charged, loss of electrons

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Reduction

when an atom, ion, or molecule becomes more negatively charged, gain of electrons

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Oxidation of metals by acids and salts

Displacement rxn; single replacement

A + BX → AX + B

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Activity series

list of metals arranged in order of decreasing ease of oxidation

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Active metals

The metals at the top (alkaline earth metals) are most easily oxidized; meaning, they react most readily to form compounds

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Noble metals

The metals at the bottom (transition elements from groups 8B and 1B), are very stable and form compounds less readily

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Any metal on the list can be oxidized by the ions of the elements…

below it

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Higher element in series =

element that’s oxidized (loses electrons; increased ox #)

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Concentration

  • the amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or quantity of solution. The greater the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent, the more concentrated the solution is.

  • Measured in molarity (number of moles of solute/liter of soln)

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Molarity =

moles of solute / volume of solution in Liters

m = n/v

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A 1 molar solution (1 M) contains…

1 mol of solute per liter of soln

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The concentration of a dissociated ion is the same as its salt if the subscript is…

1 (if it’s anything greater multiply the subscript by the molarity of the whole molecule)

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A 1.0 M soln of Na₂SO₄ is ___ in Na⁺ ions and ___ in SO₄²⁻ ions

2 M; 1 M

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Molarity is a conversion factor between…

volume of soln and moles of solute

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Dilution

When solutions of a lower concentration are obtained by adding water

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Dilution equation

M (conc) x V (conc) = M (dil) x V (dil)

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Titration

combining a solution where the solute concentration is not known with a reagent solution of known concentration, called the standard solution. Just enough standard soln is added to completely react w the solute in the soln of unknown conc.

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Equivalence point

the point at which stoichiometrically equivalent quantities are brought together.

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Nonmetals want to…

gain electrons (least likely to be oxidized)

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In complete ionic equations, only ionize…

aqueous substances (do NOT ionize g, l, or s)

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In neutralization reactions, do not ionize…

water, and the salt if it’s insoluble

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In order for a single replacement reaction to work, the metal doing the replacing must be…

higher up on the activity series