Unit 3: Part 3: Conditioning and Learning

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54 Terms

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acquisition

the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response

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association

connecting different events that occur in sequence

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associative learning

learning that certain events occur together

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behavioral perspective

focus on observable behaavior

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biological preparedness

the idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli

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classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with a US, triggers a CR

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counterconditioning

a technique where an undesirable response to a stimulus is re-conditioned away

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extinction

the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned stimulus

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habituation

when a person becomes less responsive to a repeated stimulus over time

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higher-order conditioning

when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new stimulus, creating a second conditioned response

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neutral stimulus (NS)

a stimulus that initially doesn’t trigger a particular response

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one-trial conditioning

learning that occurs after just one instance of pairing a stimulus with a response

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one-trial learning

learning something after just one exposure

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spontaneous recovery

when a previously extinguished response reappears suddenly

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stimulus discrimination

differentiating between different stimuli

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stimulus generalization

after a response has been conditioned, a similar stimulus can trigger the same response

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taste aversion

avoiding a certain taste if something bad happens or you don’t like it

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unconditioned response (UR)

an unlearned, naturally occuring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that naturally triggers a response

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operant conditioning

learning a behavior by associating it with a response/punishment

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law of effect

behaviors followed by favorable consequences will reinforce the behavior, opposite is true to behaviors followed by negative responses

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operant chamber

the box Skinner used to condition rats to press a leaver for food

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reinforcement

an event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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shaping

when reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer behaviors to the desired one

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discriminative stimulus

elicits a response without reinforcement

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positive reinforcement

any stimulus that strengthens the response when given after the behavior

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negative reinforcement

when a negative thing is removed strengthening the behavior

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primary reinforcers

an innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need

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conditioned reinforcers

gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

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reinforcement schedule

a pattern fro how often a behavior is reinforced

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continuous reinforcement

reinforcement every time a behavior is presented

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partial reinforcement

reinforcement after every few times, not every time

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fixed ratio schedule

every so many (doesn’t change)

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variable-ratio schedule

after an unpredictable number (random)

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fixed-interval schedule

every so often (doesn’t change)

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variable-interval schedule

unpredictably often (random)

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punishment

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

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positive punishment

administer an aversive stimulus

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negative punishment

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

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instinctive drift

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

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cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environement

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latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it (rate knowing path of a maze, not running until food)

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insight

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

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intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards pr avoid threatened punishment (outside motivation)

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coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, o r behavioral methods

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problem-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

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emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress

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learned helplessness

the hopelessness someone learns when unable to avoid a negative thing

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external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

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internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

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self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater, long-term rewards