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acquisition
the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response
association
connecting different events that occur in sequence
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together
behavioral perspective
focus on observable behaavior
biological preparedness
the idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
conditioned response (CR)
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with a US, triggers a CR
counterconditioning
a technique where an undesirable response to a stimulus is re-conditioned away
extinction
the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned stimulus
habituation
when a person becomes less responsive to a repeated stimulus over time
higher-order conditioning
when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new stimulus, creating a second conditioned response
neutral stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that initially doesn’t trigger a particular response
one-trial conditioning
learning that occurs after just one instance of pairing a stimulus with a response
one-trial learning
learning something after just one exposure
spontaneous recovery
when a previously extinguished response reappears suddenly
stimulus discrimination
differentiating between different stimuli
stimulus generalization
after a response has been conditioned, a similar stimulus can trigger the same response
taste aversion
avoiding a certain taste if something bad happens or you don’t like it
unconditioned response (UR)
an unlearned, naturally occuring response to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that naturally triggers a response
operant conditioning
learning a behavior by associating it with a response/punishment
law of effect
behaviors followed by favorable consequences will reinforce the behavior, opposite is true to behaviors followed by negative responses
operant chamber
the box Skinner used to condition rats to press a leaver for food
reinforcement
an event that strengthens the behavior it follows
shaping
when reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer behaviors to the desired one
discriminative stimulus
elicits a response without reinforcement
positive reinforcement
any stimulus that strengthens the response when given after the behavior
negative reinforcement
when a negative thing is removed strengthening the behavior
primary reinforcers
an innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need
conditioned reinforcers
gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
reinforcement schedule
a pattern fro how often a behavior is reinforced
continuous reinforcement
reinforcement every time a behavior is presented
partial reinforcement
reinforcement after every few times, not every time
fixed ratio schedule
every so many (doesn’t change)
variable-ratio schedule
after an unpredictable number (random)
fixed-interval schedule
every so often (doesn’t change)
variable-interval schedule
unpredictably often (random)
punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
positive punishment
administer an aversive stimulus
negative punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus
instinctive drift
the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environement
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it (rate knowing path of a maze, not running until food)
insight
a sudden realization of a problem’s solution
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards pr avoid threatened punishment (outside motivation)
coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, o r behavioral methods
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress
learned helplessness
the hopelessness someone learns when unable to avoid a negative thing
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater, long-term rewards