biology

Health

A state of physical and mental well being

Communicable disease

An infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person by a pathogen

3 diseases caused by microbes

Measles, salmonella, HIV

Phagocytosis

When a white blood cell engulfs, digests and destroys a pathogen so they cannot harm the body

Antibodies

Unique to a particular virus or bacteria, target and destroy it

Antitoxins

Neutralise the toxins that pathogens produce

How do bacteria cause disease

Release toxins

How do virus cause disease

Reproduce within cells

Scientist that helped discover hand washing

Semmelweis

Which part of blood is required for clotting

Platelets

Symptom of measles

High temp

What pathogen causes rose black spot

Fungus

Function of ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Which drug came from mould

Penicillin

Which drug came from bark of willow tree

Aspirin

Which drug came from fox glove flowers

Digitalis

What is step 1 of drug development

Test on a cell

What is step 2 of drug development

Test on a tissue

What is step 3 of drug development

Test on live animals

What is step 4 of the development of drugs

Test on healthy volunteers

What is step 5 of drug development

Test on patients

What does preclinical test for in drug development

Toxicity and side effects

What’s does clinical test for in drug development

Dosage, side effects and efficacy

What happens in a double blind trial

Patients and doctors don’t know which drug patients are getting

What is in a vaccine

Weakened, inactive or the antigens of a pathogen

What does a vaccine do

White blood cells react to pathogen and then teaches memory cells how to fight it so if the active version comes it’s quicker to fight

Why might a vaccine not work

New strains can be created that you aren’t immune to

What is a non communicable disease

Can’t be spread from one individual to another can be linked to environment, lifestyle or genes

Give an example of a non communicable disease

Crohn’s disease

What is a risk factor

Increases the chances of getting a disease. For example lifestyle or genetic

Give an example of a risk factor for cancer

Smoking

Benign tumour

Growths of abnormal cells

Malignant tumours

Cancer

How do malignant tumours spread

Blood

What pathogen causes salmonella

Bacteria

What does nicotine do

Constricts blood vessels , increasing blood pressure which damages blood vessels causing coronary heart disease

Nicotine can be described as

Addictive

What does carbon monoxide do

Attaches itself to Hämoglobin in red blood cells, preventing oxygen from attaching

What does carbon monoxide do to a foetus

Dosent obtain enough oxygen causing low birth weight premature and still birth

What is the carcinogen in a cigarette

Tar

Carcinogen

Causes changes in dna that cause cancer

what do they do to cilia

Destroy meaning they can no longer fight infection

How does a smokers cough develop

Body try’s to dislodge mucus

What main parts does alcohol affect

Liver and brain

What does alcohol do to liver

Makes cells be replaced with scar tissue and cannot function

What does alcohol do to brain

Affects all parts causing violent and dangerous behaviour, slows down reaction times,damages tissue so cannot function properly

What does it do to a foetus

Alcohol cannot be processed by developing livers, causes miscarriages, still births, low birth weights and fasd

Body mass index equation

Mass (kg)/ height (m2)

What happens to energy when you respire

Goes out to surroundings

What is uv a risk factor of

Skin cancer

What is skin cancer prevent by

Suncream, avoid intense uv, hats, sunglasses