exit exam pt 2

Freud's Dream Theory

A psychological theory suggesting dreams reflect unconscious conflicts and desires; manifest content is the actual content, while latent content is the underlying meaning.

Manifest Content

The actual literal content of a dream.

Latent Content

The hidden psychological meaning of a dream.

Deficiency Motives

Motives that arise from the lack of a needed object.

Alfred Adler's Theory

A theory which posits that birth order and the need for superiority predict behavior.

Striving for Superiority

Adler's concept that individuals are motivated by a desire to overcome perceived inferiority.

Archetypes

Universal, archaic symbols and images found in the collective unconscious, such as the Hero and Wise Elder.

Erik Erikson's Theory

A theory of psychosocial development comprising eight stages, each characterized by a conflict crucial for personal growth.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A stage in Erikson's theory where individuals search for personal identity.

Interpersonal Styles (Horney)

Three styles: moving toward people, moving away from people, and moving against people.

Trait Approach to Personality

The perspective that personality is relatively stable and can be assessed through traits.

Eysenck's Theory

Suggests that genetics are the primary source of differences in personality.

Context for Development

All contexts, including family, community, and media, are equally important for development.

Stage Theorists

Psychologists who propose that personality develops through distinct stages—Freud, Piaget, and Erikson are examples.

Assimilation

Integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas.

Accommodation

Modifying existing schemas or creating new ones to fit new information.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's stage (ages 7-11) where children begin logical reasoning but cannot think hypothetically.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first stage (birth-2 years) where infants learn through sensory interactions.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second stage (ages 2-7) characterized by egocentric thinking and symbolic play.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's last stage (ages 12 and over) where abstract and higher-level reasoning develops.

Attachment Theory

The theory that secure attachment forms from the integration of positive and negative caregiver experiences.

Stages of Prenatal Development

The germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages of development.

Imaginary Audience

A phenomenon in adolescence where individuals believe they are the center of others' attention.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

A theory describing stages of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

Phases of Retirement

Phases including vacation, feeling lost, trial and error, and reinvest and rewire phases.

Baumrind's Parenting Styles

Styles including authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved parenting.

Mid-Life Crisis

A transitional period in mid-life where individuals question their achievements and identity.

Apraxia

The inability to carry out learned motor functions despite intact motor capabilities.

Catatonia

A psychotic syndrome marked by muscular rigidity and lack of response to stimuli.

Hallucinations

False sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli, often auditory.

Delusions

False beliefs that are resistant to reasoning or contrary evidence.

Anhedonia

A loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed.

Obsessions (OCD)

Recurrent and intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that provoke anxiety.

Social Phobia

A fear of embarrassment or humiliation in social situations.

Hypersomnia

A condition characterized by excessive sleepiness.

Hyposomnia

Sleeping for a significantly shorter period than usual.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders characterized by disconnection from thoughts, identity, consciousness, or memory.

Dementia

A decline in memory and cognitive function related to age or other factors.

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder featuring diminished interest, fatigue, insomnia, and recurrent thoughts of death.

Just World Belief

The belief that good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people.

Fictive Kin

Individuals considered family despite lack of biological relation.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice, stereotypes, or discrimination against Jews.

Supporting African-American Children

Grandmothers often provide support and encouragement.

Native American Poverty Factors

Alcohol and drug abuse are significant factors contributing to poverty.

Asian Culture and Failure

In Asian cultures, failure is seen as a collective responsibility of the group.

Gender Conflicts in Puerto Rican Families

Due to women's employability, leading to shifts in family dynamics.

Native American Values

Values such as sharing, respect, and harmony.

Civil Rights Act

Legislation ensuring equal opportunities for all, leading to affirmative action.

Affirmative Action

Proactive measures to ensure equal outcomes for minorities.

maslow's hierarchy of needs

a psychological theory that organizes human needs into a pyramid-like structure, starting with the most basic physiological needs (like food and water) at the bottom and progressing to higher-level needs like self-esteem and self-actualization at the top, suggesting that individuals must fulfill lower-level needs before moving on to higher ones; the five levels are: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization

some of the stages from Erik Erikson’s theory

"Trust vs. Mistrust" (infancy), "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" (toddlerhood), "Initiative vs. Guilt" (preschool), "Industry vs. Inferiority" (school age), "Identity vs. Role Confusion" (adolescence), "Intimacy vs. Isolation" (young adulthood), "Generativity vs. Stagnation" (middle adulthood), and "Ego Integrity vs. Despair" (later adulthood).

Horney and the three interpersonal styles

"moving towards people" (compliant), "moving against people" (aggressive), and "moving away from people" (detached), representing how individuals primarily cope with anxiety and insecurity through their interactions with others

healthiest attachment style

secure attachment style

Agnosia vs. Apraxia vs. Aphasia.

Agnosia- A failure to recognize objects or information using the senses 

Apraxia-A disturbance of language that affects a person's ability to understand or express speech

Aphasia-A loss of voluntary motor skills that affects a person's ability to perform actions 

alogia

a symptom characterized by a significant reduction in speech output

DID vs. Dissociative Amnesia vs. Dissociative Fugue

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) involves multiple distinct identities

Dissociative Amnesia is a general memory loss of significant personal information

Dissociative Fugue is a specific type of dissociative amnesia where someone suddenly wanders away from their life, often with confusion about their identity and potentially creating a new one during their travels

Civil Rights Act

1964 is a landmark piece of US legislation that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in various aspects of public life

Affirmative Action

is a policy aimed at actively increasing opportunities for historically underrepresented groups, often including minorities and women, by taking proactive measures to address systemic discrimination