exit exam pt 2

61. Freud’s dream theory – including differences between latent and manifest content.   

Theory said that our dreams reflect unconscious conflicts and desires.  Manifest content is actual content, latent content is the meaning behind the manifest content. We typically can only remember the manifest content, and our latent content represents unconscious conflicts and desires that are difficult for us to consciously face. 

62.  Know Maslow - including hierarchy of needs and deficiency motives.   

Deficiency motives result from the lack of a needed object. 

63. Know Alfred Adler’s theory.  

Basically said that birth order and need for superiority predict behavior.  Theory is generally well supported 

64. What did Adler believe regarding our strive for superiority?   

Says that striving for superiority has its roots in a child’s perception of his or her own inferiority. 

65. Know Jung’s concept of archetypes and examples.  

Archetypes exist in the collective unconscious and include the Hero, Wise Elder, etc. 

66. Be familiar with some of the stages from Erik Erikson’s theory.  

Identity versus role confusion – involves a person “finding” themself 

67. Know Horney and the three interpersonal styles.  

Moving toward, moving away from, and moving against people.   

68. What is the trait approach to personality?   

Our personality is relatively stable over time. 

69. According to Horney, which of the three interpersonal styles is likely to lead to a successful relationship? 

Moving toward people. 

70. Be familiar with Eysenck’s theory.  

Said genetics were primary source of differences in personality. 

71. What context (e.g., family, community, media, etc…) is most important for development?  

All contexts are equally important for development. 

72. What are stage theorists? Examples?  

Stage theorists say that personality develops as a results from distinct successive periods of time/growth. Frued, Piaget, and Erikson had these types of theories, Freud- psychosexual stages

Erikson- psychosocial stages

Piaget- cognitive development

73. Piaget’s theory including assimilation and accommodation.  

Accommodation is using prior knowledge to interact in novel situations (think top-down processing). Assimilation involves changes in knowledge as a result of interacting in novel situations.  Accommodation can include utilizing known strategies for accomplishing things, adjusting the strategy for the new situation (using both hands to pick up a heavier object). 

Concrete operational stage – children cannot use hypothetical thinking. 

Sensorimotor- Ages birth to 2 yrs, infants develop basic motor skills and learn to perceive and interact with their environment through physical senses and body cordidnation

Preoperational- ages 2-7 yrs, at start children do not use operations (or logical rules) so thinking is influenced by how things look or appear to them than logical reasoning, pretend play is key, language develops, thinking is dominated by how world looks and symbols are used

Concrete operational- ages 7-11 years, children use operations )logical reasoning) so they can conserve quantities and can realize people see the world in different ways,

Formal operational- ages 12 and over, ability to think abstractly and combine or classify items into more sophisticated ways, higher- order reasoning

Assimilation- integrating new info into existing schemas

Accommodation- modifying existing schemas or creating new ones to fit new info

74. Attachment theory.   

  Secure attachment comes from integrating both positive and negative experiences involving caregivers. Healthiest attachment style. 

75. Stages of prenatal development.  

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal, in that order 

Germinal stage- begins at conception when sperm meets egg cell, formation of zygote, rapid cell division, formation of blastocyst, fallopian tube to uterus journey, implantation

Embryonic stage- mass cells in now known as embryo, begins at start of third week, human embryo forms, basic body structures form

Fetal stage- becomes a fetus, more important changes in brain, begins during 9^th week until birth, nervous system forms, sex differentiation occurs, increase in size and development of organs and tissues

76. Define imaginary audience. Examples? 

Takes place in adolescence, involves imagining that people are behaving in a way that is a reaction to something you have done even when their behavior may have nothing to do with you. 

Imaginary audience- in adolescents, comes from having such heightened sense of self-consciousness that you imagine your behavior is the focus of everyone else’s attention, fits in with adolescent egocentrism

Example- teens going to a concert where 10,000 people are as well, a teen may worry about dreeing appropriately since “everybody is going to notice”

77. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.  

Preconventional stage – deciding whether to do something based on the immediate consequences it would have for you (i.e., you might not hit your sister because you know you would get punished for doing it, not because it is wrong to hit people), 3 primary levels-

Preconventional Morality- Stage 1- Obedience and punishment, Stage 2- Individualism and exchange

Conventional Morality- Stage 3- Developing good interpersonal relationships, Stage 4- Maintaining social order

Postconventional Morality- Stage 5- social contract and individual rights, Stage 6- Universal principles

78. Phases of retirement.  

Vacation Phase- no set routine, doing what you want when you want, gets boring quickly

Feeling Lost Phase- you lose the big 5, lose a routine, identity, relationships (at work), purpose, and loss of power

The trial and Error Phase- you search for ways to give your life meaning again, rediscovery,

The reinvest and rewire phase- you are able to discover something that is meaningful to you and gives you purpose and a sense of accomplishment in life

79. Baumrind’s parenting styles. 

Authoritative parents place limits on their children but encourage them, Authoritative Parenting Style- children develop greater competence and self-confidence when parents, have high but reasonable and consistent expectations,

Authoritarian parenting- rigid ruler, approach is low in support and high in demandingness

Permissive Parenting- high in support and low in demandingness , indulgent style parenting

Uninvolved Parenting- children are raised in both low support and low demandingness by parents, indifferent or neglectful parents  

80. What is a mid-life crisis? Is it a myth?  

Crisis arises when people actively face and question an aspect of their own identity. 

Mid-life crisis- a period of life transition when a person begins to question the things that they have accomplished or achieved and whether those same things still provide a sense of fulfillment and meaning

There is no set time when one will have a midlife crisis but that crises can occur during midlife but can occur before or after this timespan. The experience of a midlife crisis can occur but it does not always happen during these ages.

81. Agnosia vs. Apraxia vs. Aphasia.   

Apraxia – inability to carry out previously learned motor operations. Occurs in the presence of intact motor functions. 

82. What is catatonia?    

Psychotic syndrome characterized by muscular rigidity and lack of response to outside stimuli. 

83. Know hallucinations vs. delusions.   

Hallucinations are organized sensory experiences that are products of the mind and not due to actual things that exist in the environment.  Most frequently auditory. 

Hallucinations- false sensory perception in the absence of a stimulus

Delusions- false belief that cannot be explained by person’s culture or education

84. Alogia vs. anhedonia.  

Anhedonia – a loss of interest in pleasurable everyday activities that you used to enjoy 

85. OCD – obsessions vs. compulsions.   

Obsessions – recurrent, intrusive, and anxiety-provoking thoughts, impulses, or images 

86. Social phobia. 

A performance situation in which a person feels exposed to scrutiny of others and fear that they will act in a humiliating or embarrassing way is characteristic of this. 

87. Hypersomnia vs. hyposomnia.  

Hypersomnia – sleeping for a significantly longer period of time than usual 

88. DID vs. Dissociative Amnesia vs. Dissociative Fugue   

Depersonalization disorder – distinct from these other disorders due to persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from their own thoughts or body, as if they were an outside observer. Reality testing remains intact. 

89. Dementia.  

Characterized by memory difficulties, along with amnestic disorder and delirium. 

90. Major Depressive Disorder 

Involves a markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities, weight loss, fatigue, recurrent thoughts of death, and insomnia. 

91. In a setting where many races are represented, how do the different races interact?  

Ethnic groups often remain segregated 

92. What is the belief in a “just world?” 

The belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people (we want to believe this) 

93. What are fictive kin? 

People who are considered family but who are not biologically related to us 

94. This term is used to describe having prejudices, stereotypes or engaging in discrimination against Jews. 

Anti-semitism 

95. Who is the person most likely to support and encourage African-American children?  

Grandmother 

96. What is the major factor associated with poverty among Native Americans?  

Alcohol and drug abuse 

97. What does Asian culture report is their perceptions of “failure?”  

Failure or success is perceived as a responsibility of the group rather than the individual, leading to a collective approach in addressing both achievements and setbacks.

98. There was a power shift and gender conflicts in Puerto Rican immigrant families, why?  

Women being more employable then men and increased stress for men to be macho are both acceptable answers for this on the exam 

99. Know examples of Native American values.  

Sharing, respect for others, and harmony are all traditional Native American values 

Respect, work ethic, spirituality, and quietness

100. Know Civil Rights Act and Affirmative Action.  

Civil rights act created equal opportunity, affirmative action involves taking proactive steps to provide equal outcomes for minorities, protecting minorities and women against discrimination. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and President Lyndon Johnson’s Executive Order laid the groundwork for affirmative action. The principles of affirmative action were reaffirmed by reform of the Civil Rights Act in 1991