part 2 of media rep and international perspectives

famous cases and violence against trans people

famous cases - murder victims, murdered in response to gender deception, overkill, several perpetrators, all people convicted. most cases - survivors of violence, murdered by someone who knew they were trans, overkill is rare, one perpetrator, only 42% of cases result in convictions, 96% murder victims were trans women, 58% were black, 18% were white, 17% latinx.

what are the unintended consequences of the medias focus on unrepresentative?

changes how prevention is done, enforces ideal victim, alienates trans peoples - treating them like other, spread of misinfo. encourages strict label and normalization, denies subjectivity of victim

domestic violence and the law

at least 144 countries have laws against domestic violence. Victims and survivors can face retaliation, social isolation, marginalization, and financial consequences. Laws are unevenly implemented - social / political environment, cultural beliefs about gender, feminists movements, state religion, socioeconomic conditions and state capacity.

Domestic violence laws in India

31% of indian women report experiencing DV. 1983 - created a Penal code that criminalizes physical and emotional cruelty in marriage (conviction rate 15.9%). 2005 - protection of women from domestic violence act extends the prohibition to other intimate relationships

how do victims of DV claim rights in a context where laws exist to protect them but the state is unwilling to act?

have to take on the roles of being the prosecution themselves or having to 'run a case'. which is by the victims themselves have to push the cases along the course to gain protection

what are the challenges in 'running a case?'

they have to decide that they want to run a case. 2 main barriers - 1. family systems and 2. law enforcement

family systems

deep commitment to maintaining relationships with extended families. can be a source of support or safety net. Played a role in arranging marriages. Gender expectation of marriage and family ties. fear of estrangement from family of origin vs. fear of being separated from children

law enforcement

limited to enforcement capabilities, nepotism, and no monopoly of violence. Vulnerability to political pressure and organized violence thru local landlords, leaders, politicians, organized crime, interest groups and women's organizers which could be brokers

the role of brokers

they can coerce law enforcement personnel, deploy a range of extralegal tactics, mediate between women and the state.

'incorporating' women in the state response to domestic violence

criminal justice system rewards women with organizational connections. criminal justice actors outsource the work to women

Rape during wartime

rape and other types of sexual violence have been widespread during wartime throughout history, women , girls and boys. forms that it takes varies - rape, forced nudity, sexual torture, forced pregnancy, sterilization, enforced prostitution and sexual enslavement

wartime rape in the collective imaginary

widespread denial over the prevalence of sexual violence during conflicts. and is described as isolated incident. and very limited political response on wartime rape until recently.

rape during wartime

mass rapes of women documents in modern day armed conflicts. they happen affter the military conflict has ended

enduring consequences

victims / survivors to suffer from - shame and stigma, health problems, PTSD, and unwanted pregnancies. Perpetrators often enjoy immunity from prosecution. Exacerbated intergroup tensions

wartime sexual violence in internation law

in international humanitarian law, rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution/ pregnancy and enforced sterilization are prohibited in Statue of international criminal court (ICC). Wartime sexual violence has been successfully prosecuted at the ICC and other international courts as war crime, crime against humanity, crime of genocide, and breach of geneva conventions. consequence - have to prove evidence of high rates and difficult to prove and need to have a record, identify, that it was organized and was on purpose

conceptualizing wartime rape

it is a product of militarized hegemonic masculinity. Embedded in pre conflict gender inequality and unequal power relations, and A form of politcal and symbolic violence. Understanding wartime rape requires considering - collective dimensions (patriarchy, imperialism, capitalism and white supremacy), and individual dimensions (environmental determinants of behavior)