Analytical Chemistry: Neutralization in Pharmaceutical Analysis

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on analytical chemistry, focusing on neutralization and titration processes relevant to pharmaceutical analysis.

What is analytical chemistry?

The area of chemistry responsible for characterizing the composition of matter, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

What are the two major divisions of analytical chemistry?

Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.

What is a neutralization reaction?

A chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt.

What are the products of a neutralization reaction in aqueous solution?

Water and a salt.

Define titration in the context of analytical chemistry.

An analytical method where a solution of known concentration is added to a solution of analyte until the reaction is complete.

What is the equivalence point in a titration?

The point at which chemically equivalent amounts of titrant and analyte have reacted.

What is an indicator in titration?

A chemical that changes color at a specific pH level to signal the endpoint of a titration.

Differentiate between strong acids and weak acids in terms of pH.

Strong acids have a pH < 3, whereas weak acids typically have a pH between 4-6.

What is the purpose of the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH)?

To standardize the requirements for medicines regulation throughout the world.

What is systematic error?

An error that is determinate and affects accuracy with a definite value or assignable cause.

What defines a primary standard in volumetric solution preparation?

A substance that is obtained from a material of near 100% purity and does not require further standardization.

What is a back titration?

A method where an excess of one titrant is added to the analyte, and the unreacted portion is titrated with a second standard solution.

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for?

To calculate the pH of buffer solutions.

What alteration occurs to the pH of a solution during a titration?

It changes dramatically at the equivalence point, forming the basis for titration curves.

Explain the term 'gram-equivalent weight' (GEW).

The weight in grams of a substance that is chemically equivalent to 1 gram-atom of hydrogen.

What factors can introduce error when using volumetric apparatus?

Common errors include rinse water adhering to walls, grease films, parallax errors, temperature variations, and air bubbles.

What are the common types of errors encountered in analytical chemistry?

Gross errors, systematic errors, and random errors.

Define molarity.

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

What is normality in chemistry?

The number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution.

What role do indicators play in titrations?

They signal the endpoint of the titration by changing color.

What must be true for a reaction to be used in titrimetric analysis?

The reaction must proceed to completion and in a stoichiometric manner.

What is the function of a volumetric flask?

To prepare standard solutions and measure precise volumes.