british north america vocab

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mercantilism

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  • policies aimed at guaranteeing prosperity to a nation
  • makes the country as economically self-sufficient as possible
  • eliminates dependence on foreign suppliers
  • damages foreign competitors’ commercial interests
  • selling more than buying abroad
  • practiced by britain, france, and spain
  • “the wealth of the world is finite“
  • the economic motivation for England settling North America
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joint stock company

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  • a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders
  • made english colonization successful
  • british government awards pieces of land to stockholders, the system favors english politicians
    • landowners called “proprietors“
    • in charge of peopling, governing, and defending their colony
  • ex: Massachusetts-Bay company, Virginia company
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36 Terms

1
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mercantilism

  • policies aimed at guaranteeing prosperity to a nation
  • makes the country as economically self-sufficient as possible
  • eliminates dependence on foreign suppliers
  • damages foreign competitors’ commercial interests
  • selling more than buying abroad
  • practiced by britain, france, and spain
  • “the wealth of the world is finite“
  • the economic motivation for England settling North America
2
New cards

joint stock company

  • a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders
  • made english colonization successful
  • british government awards pieces of land to stockholders, the system favors english politicians
    • landowners called “proprietors“
    • in charge of peopling, governing, and defending their colony
  • ex: Massachusetts-Bay company, Virginia company
3
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charter

  • a written grant by a country’s government
  • founds a body such as a colony, company, city, etc
  • defines rights and privileges
  • usually given by the British as permission to colonize a new area
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jamestown, virginia

  • the first permanent english settlement
  • founded in 1607 by the London company
  • served as the colonial capital from 1616-1699
  • had the starving time
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“starving time“

  • the winter of 1609-1610 in jamestown

  • disease, drought, bad harvest, harsh winter, bad water

  • left ~75% of colonists dead, only 61 remained

  • in 1634, maryland was the first colony not to have a starving time, due to their study of early virginia history

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jamestown women

  • came to the colonies to provide a sense of stability and to help make a home
  • sometimes only sent to help create families
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roanoke, virginia

  • the first english settlement in America

  • founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585

  • named for the roanoke river

  • the colonists had disappeared under unknown circumstances when a ship visited the colony

    • they only left a tree that said Croatoan
    • found by john white in 1590
  • purposes:

    • harassing spanish shipping
    • mining for gold/ silver
    • discovering a passage to the pacific ocean
    • christening the indians
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john smith

  • english soldier, 28 years old when he became governor of virginia
    • organized everyone into work gangs
    • ensured sufficient food/ housing for winter
    • maintained sanitation/ hygiene
  • the colony’s diplomat to the Powhatan tribe
    • they liked him so much that they did a ceremony where he was “saved” by Pocahontas
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john rolfe

  • an englishman and tobacco planter
  • married Pocahontas aafter the first Anglo-Powhatan war (from 1610-1614)
  • spent several years adapting tobacco to virginia’s conditions
    • eventually became virginia’s salvation
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headright system

  • awarded a 50-acre reward for every person (“head“) to whoever paid for the person to enter passage
  • incentivized young people to move to america
  • started in virginia, moved to middle new england
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tidewater

  • the preferred land of southern settlers
  • on the coast of virginia
  • first to be occupied by settlers
  • “fall line“ separated tidewater from piedmont
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piedmont

  • land formation, a gentle slope leading from the base of mountains to a region of flat land
  • stretches along the eastern slope of the appalachians
  • by 1750, 1/3 of all colonists lived in the piedmont
  • “fall line“ separated piedmont from tidewater
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staple crops

  • tobacco, rice, cotton, indigo
  • the new world’s main exports and survival staples
  • grown in large quantities for food and export
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crop rotation

  • discovered by native americans
  • allows fields to be unplanted for a while
    • this restores nutrients
  • colonists didn’t do this because they didn’t have enough land and didn’t want to use indian methods
    • then they were disappointed when their fields were only prolific for a few years
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indentured servants

  • people who made an agreement for long-term work
    • helped people gain passage to america, pay off debt, or escape poverty
  • most male immigrants were indentured servants
  • 1/3 of german immigrants indentured themselves or their children to help pay for the voyage
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african slaves

  • between 1810 and 1860, over 3.5 million slaves were shipped to the americas
  • in the 1820s alone, 850,000 were shipped.
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sir john colleton

  • 1608-1666
  • one of the 8 proprietors of south carolina
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anthony ashley-cooper

  • british philanthropist
  • one of the founders of georgia
  • owner of a large plantation in Barbados
  • proposed advancing settlement in the Carolina region
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charter of carolina

  • march 24, 1663
  • marked the official beginning of the province of carolina
  • gave carolina to 8 men, “the lord’s proprietors“
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albemarle sound, cape fear, port royal

  • the 3 first major settlements in the carolinas
  • by the early 1600s, a group of colonists had already settled at cape fear
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oyster point

  • while albemarle point was being settled, oyster poine was made at the end of the peninsula
  • settled in early 1600s
  • built with potential to be a port
  • by 1683 had been renamed Charles Town, later Charleston
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james oglethorpe

  • planner/ founder of savannah
  • governor of georgia
  • also british member of parliament and philanthropist
  • hoped to resettle britain’s “worthy poor“ in georgia, focusing on debt inmates
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savannah, georgia

  • established 1733
  • the oldest city in georgia
  • british colonial capital of georgia
  • the first state capital
  • america’s first planned city
  • established by james oglethorpe
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protestant reformation

  • religious movement that began in 1500s
  • brought an end to medieval christianity in western europe
  • clergy abuse had people criticizing the catholic church
  • martin luther
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church of england

  • anglicans
  • often considered “reformed catholics“
  • dont have a central authority
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predestination (calvinism)

  • john calvin’s belief that an omnipotent God predestined most sinful humans to hell, saving only a few

    • in order to demonstrate his power and grace
  • the few saved people were called the “elect“ or “godly“

  • john calvin (1509-1564) was a french theologian and protestant reformer

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pilgrims aka separatists

  • another name for the colonists
  • 102 people traveled in the mayflower to plymouth
  • arrived in november 1620
  • half the pilgrims died within 4 months of landing
  • squanto and samoset taught them to farm
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mayflower compact

  • the mayflower expedition’s leaders had all adult males sign before they arrived in America
  • declared that they constituted themselves a government under english rule
  • established the colony of new plymouth
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william bradford

  • leader of the plymouth colony (massachusetts)
  • wrote the book “of plymouth plantation“
    • a journal written over a period of years
    • the best account of the pilgrims’ early years
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puritans

  • a group of calvinists who wanted to split away from “catholic abuses“
  • salvation by predestination
  • membership in a church is reserved for converted christians
  • went against catholic/ anglican churches
  • severe self-discipline and moral uprightness
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congregational church

  • governed by congregation
  • instead of having a leader or elders, they avoid any kind of hierarchy
  • pilgrims and sometimes baptists ?
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massachusetts bay colony

  • the largest english settlement in new england
  • lasted 1628-1691
  • the most influential colony in the region
  • settled by puritans under John Winthrop
  • now boston and salem massachusetts
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great puritan migration

  • migration of puritans to the new england colonies
    • starting with plymouth and massachusetts bay
  • came in family groups
  • motivated by religious freedom
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john winthrop

  • governor of the massachusetts bay colony
  • previously an english puritan lawyer
  • led the first wave of colonists in 1630
  • advocated for the mayflower compact
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roger williams

  • founded providence plantations, later rhode island
  • english puritan minister, theologian, and author
  • controversial because he clashed with puritan fathers
  • put on trial for speaking his mind
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justification vs sanctification

justification

  • happens outside of you
  • youre declared righteous
  • one-time event
  • God decides it
  • anne hutchinson

sanctification

  • happens inside of you
  • youre made righteous
  • works-based
  • a continual process