the higher the index, the higher the influence of trade transaction on economic activity
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technological progress on PPF
shifting/tilting the graph
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opportunity ocst
ratio of sacrifice in one good in terms of gain in the other
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Prebisch-singer hypothesis (mixed results and limited support
incomes rising -> higher spending on manufactured goods, lower spending on primary products
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Franker and Romer
Instrumental variable approach, used geography as a proxy for trade
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Stolper-samuelson theorem
strong re-distributive implications of free trade
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techology adoption through trade
decreases the need for physically demanding skills and improves relative wage and employment of women
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endogeneity problem
basically correlation does not equal causation
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pre-globalized world
close proximity to production, all costs are high, local monopoly, small markets (limits to division of labour)
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first unbundling of globalization 1820-1980
lower transportation costs, lower monopolies, appearance of mass production, turn-over times of capital increase (time between investing and receiving profit)
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results of first unbundling
old international division of labour (often artificially) (primary commodities outsources to global south), knowledge and information remain in global north, The divergence (europe and us eclipse the rest of the world)
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rebundling between two wars
Increased tariffs, production returned to be mainly for domestic consumption
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second unbundling 1945+
international flow of goods/ideas/know-how/investment, increases turnover time of capital further, faster product life cycles
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Lower middle classes of the rich during globalization
made the weakest relative gains
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winners of globalization
asian poor and middle classes
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loosers of globalization
lower middle class of the rich world (manufacturing workers)
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globalization and inequality
the income gaps between the top and bottom have widened
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Hecksher-ohlin theory
a country will export goods that are intensive in the factor in which it has an advantage and import those products in which it has a factor endowment
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Rodrik's economic arguments for populist backlash
redistributive effects of liberalization get larger and tend to swamp the net gains as the trade barriers in question become smaller
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commodity
a product that can be bought and soldo
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precarization
the process by which the number of people who live in precarity increasesp
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precarity
a situation in which someone's job or career is always in danger of being lost
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results of precarization
populist election pols, right-wing turning against immmigation, lest wing turning agains wto/eu (souther europe and latin america)
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Daniel Rodrik's trilemma
can't have all 3: hyper globalisation, national sovereignty, democratic policies
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Rodrik's straight jacket
authoritarian government, hyper-globalisation, national sovereignty (ex: kinda china)
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Rodrik's Global governance
hyper-globalisation, democratic policies (kinda like eu)
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Rodrik's bretton woods
national sovereignty, democratic policies (kinda like brexit)