AP HuG Chapter 3

Chapter 3: Migration Study Guide

Migration

a type of mobility/a permanent move to a new location (relocation diffusion) (emigration & immigration)

Emigration

migration from a location

Immigration

migration to a location

net migration

the difference between the number of immigrants (a place has either a net-in migration or a net-out migration

Ravenstein’s laws of migration (allow geographers to make generalizations about migration)

1. the distance of migration

2. the reason for migration

3. the characteristics of migrants

Push Factors

induce people to move out of their present location

• water (too much or too little)

• global climate change

• deteriorating land quality

• natural disasters

  • hurricanes

  • floods

  • landslides

  • volcanoes/geological events

Pull Factors

induce people to move into a new location

Floodplain

an area periodically inundated when a river floods (they are named for how often it is estimated they flood)

Refugee

a person who has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and they cannot return for fear of persecution (granted special protections in many countries)

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

similar to a refugee, but they have not migrated across an international border (not granted special protections - they were forced to migrate, but they are not entitled to the same protections as traditional refugees)

Asylum Seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

Mobility

a general term that refers to all types of movements (while we might take it for granted, for billions of people in the world, mobility is just a dream)

• journeying each day to work or school

• weekly visits to local shops

• annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state

• a desperate departure from a war-torn country

Circulation

repetitive acts of mobility (we all have paths of circulation in our lives)

Voluntary Migration

• the migrant makes the decision to move

• most migration is voluntary

  • push and pull factors determine whom and where

most voluntary migration is driven by the want to find better economic conditions

Ex: The Great Migration - Blacks moved to The Industrial Belt (Chicago, New York, Detroit) and California during labor shortages.

Forced Migration

• Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-makning process

• Slavery

  • about 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867

  • in 1860, there were 4 million slaves in the United States

• Refugees

• Military Conscription

  • Children of Migrants

Ex: African Slavery, Trail of Tears

Circulatory Migration

• a type of temporary migration

• associated with agricultural work

• the migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time

• very common in the U.S. southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers)

Sojourners

these workers intend to stay only until they save enough money to return to their homeland with wealth

• Common in the U.S. with Italians between 1890-1910

• Common now with workers from Latin America

Remittances

a substantial part of the economy of some migrant source countries

The Gravity Model

the amount of interaction between two things is directly related to their size and inversely related to the distance between them

• size will take precedent over distance (it’s more important)

• resembles Newton’s Law of Gravity

  • it can be used to predict traffic flows, migration flows, shopping patterns, etc.

International Migrant Populations

approximately 9% of the world’s people are international migrants, meaning they are living in a country they were not born in.

Migration Transition Model - Stage 1

high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food

Migration Transition Model - Stage 2

high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas

Migration Transition Model - Stage 3

high international immigration and interregional migration from cities to suburbs

Migration Transition Model - Stage 4

same as stage 3, with some movement back into cities

U.S. Migration Patterns - 4 Main Eras of Migration

1. Colonial migration from England and Africa

2. 1830-1880 immigration from Northwestern Europe

3. 1880-1930 immigration from Southeastern Europe

4. Recent immigration from LDCs

Four Major Waves of U.S. Immigration

1. Prior to 1830, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain (original colonization)

2. 1830-1880: Northwestern Europeans

   2a. Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans

3. 1880-1930: Southeastern European

   3a. Italians, Russians, and Greece

4. After 1950: Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans

   4a. Asians: China, India, Vietnam, & South Korea

   4b. Latin America: Mexico, Cuba, & Haiti

European Waves of Immigration

1. 1840s-50s: Irish & German (Northern Europe)

2. 1870s: Irish & German (Northern Europe)

3. 1880s: Scandinavia (Northern Europe)

4. 1905-14: Southern & Eastern Europe

Where are Migrants Distributed?

Impact on the U.S.

• Destinations

  • California - 1/5 of all immigrants

    • ¼ of all undocumented immigrants

  • New York - 1/6 of all immigrants

Chain Migration

one immigrant sponsors other immigrants for admission (ex: a son moves to the U.S. from Mexico and gets a job and goes to school. He then sends most of his paycheck to his family back in Mexico while saving enough for himself to pay for necessities.)

Intervening Obstacles

that hinder migration, can be categorized into 2 types (environmental and political barriers)

Environmental Barriers

mountains, oceans, desert, great distances, etc.

Political Barriers

i.e. when countries require proper documentation to enter or leave

• Historically, intervening obstacles - Environmental Obstaces

  • Transportation Technology - Limited environmental intervening obstacles

Passport

An official document issued by a government, certifying the holder's identity and citizenship and entitling them to travel under its protection

Visa

An endorsement on a passport indicating that the holder is allowed to enter, leave, or stay for a specified period of time

Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country

• Most migrants are more educated than the people in the country they left behind

• They leave because they do not have the opportunity to use their skills in their home countries

Interregional Migration

movement from one region to another within a single nation

Intraregional Migration

movement within a region

Migration Between Regions - U.S. Settlement Regions

• 1790s: Hugging the Coasts

• 1800-40: Crossing the Appalachians

• 1850-90: Rushing to the Gold

  • California gold rush in the 1840s

• 1900-40: Filling in the Great Plains

• 1950-2020: Moving South

Economic Migration within China and European Countries

• In China, nearly 100 million people have emigrated from the rural interior to large cities with many manufacturing jobs

• In Europe, millions are moving from the less  developed Eastern regions to the more developed Western regions

Government Incentives in Brazil

• In 1960, the Brazilian Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília to encourage migration of coastal residents to move to the interior

Nations in Stage 2 & 3

Migration from rural to urban areas

• primary reason - Economic Migration

Nations in Stage 4

Migration from urban to suburban areas

• Primary Reason - Suburban Lifestyle

Nations in Stage 4

Migration from urban to rural areas

• Counterurbanization

Stage 2 & 3 Internal Migration: Urbanization

• Countries in Stages 2 & 3 tend to see interregional migration from rural to urban areas 

  • motivated by economic opportunity and population pressure

• By Stage 4, most countries are overwhelmingly urban. (Europe, Japan, and the United States)

  • % of urbanized population in the U.S.

    • 1800 - 5%

    • 1920 - 50%

    • 2016 - 80%

Stage 4 Internal Migration: Suburbanization

• Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs

  • Suburbanization is a lifestyle choice, not an economic choice

    • single-family homes

    • private lawns

    • quiet life

    • free parking

      • good schools

Reasons For Suburbanization

• For about 100 years the U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization & counterurbanization

  • Causes of counterurbanization:

    1. Automobiles & roads

    2. The American Dream

    3. Better services

    4. Lower taxes

Counterurbanization

a process unique to very developed countries

• many are moving to states like Vermont or Montana in search of a life in nature

• Modern technology allows them to keep in touch with modernity