bio topic 6

Dialysis

________ tubing used to model the size- specific permeability of a membrane.

HIV

________ is a retrovirus that infects helper T cells (TH cells)

Neonicotinoid pesticides

________ irreversibly bind to acetylcholine receptors and can not be digested by acetylcholinesterase.

Acetylcholine

________ is a neurotransmitter used in CNS and PNS.

Electrical signals

________ are created by changing membrane polarity.

Finger

________- like mucosal projections that increase the SA of epithelium over which absorption is carried out.

Material exchange

________ occurs at the respiring tissue (deoxygenates the blood)

Sugar levels

________ are regulated by insulin and glucagon.

Antigens

________ are recognized by cytotoxic T cells (and TH cells)

Ca2+ influx

________ causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to release their contents into the synapse (via exocytosis)

Antibodies

________ are proteins produced by B lymphocytes that are specific to a given antigen (they are also called immunoglobulins)

Males

________ provide all the information for life in a "seed, "which forms an egg when mixed with menstrual blood ("soil)

Oxygen

________ is an input, carbon dioxide is a by- product.

Alveolar cells

(________) line the alveoli and comprise the majority of the inner surface of the lungs.

Glucose

________ & aas are co- transported across epithelial membrane with Na+.

Clot formation

________ in coronary arteries lead to heart attacks.

Pathogens

________ may be species- specific or cross species barriers.

Allergens

________ are substances that trigger an immune response despite not being inherently harmful (i.e peanut allergy)

William Harvey

________ dissected deer after the mating season and was unable to identify embryos until several months after mating.

ion distribution

The ________ must be restored to original conditions before a neuron can fire again (this is the refractory periods)

Fertilization

________ occurs externally (in vitro)

Negative pressure

________ is equalised by air from atmosphere.

Nerve impulses

________ are action potentials propagated via axons.

Macrophages

________ or dendritic cells present antigen fragments (via MHC 2 markers) to helper T lymphocytes (TH cells)

process of pinocytosis

Dissolved materials may be rapidly absorbed en masse via the ________ (cell "drinking)

Large molecules

________ are typically insoluble and can not be easily absorbed into cells whereas smaller cells are soluble.

Estrogen

________ and progesterone develop female sex characteristics.

Starch

________ is composed of glucose monomers.

Suppression

________ is regulated by the hormone leptin.

Pacemaker

________ is regulated by the medulla oblongata.

Body temperature

________ is regulated by the hormone thyroxine.

Adrenaline

________ will cause a more sustained elevation in heart rate than that achieved by the action of the brainstem.

Amylase

________ (salivary or pancreatic) digests starch.

Glucagon

________ is secreted by a- cells to raise blood sugar levels.

AV

________ node sends signals to ventricular Purkinje fibres (via a Bundle of His within the wall of the septum)

Photoreceptors

________ (eyes) send signals to the hypothalamus.

Purkinje fibres

The ________ cause the ventricular walls to contracts.

Gas exchange

________ at the lungs (capillaries ←→ alveoli) oxygenates the blood.

Emphysema

________ is most commonly caused by smoking.

Synapses

________ are the physical junctions between two neurons.

Insulin

________ is secreted by B- cells to lower blood sugar levels.

Physiological processes

________ are regulated by negative feedback.

Insulin increases

________ glucose uptake by cells.

Vessels

________ are damaged by cholesterol deposition (atherosclerosis)

Valves

________ in veins ensure proper circulation by preventing backflow of blood.

Pancreas

________- secretes key enzymes into small intestine.

myelin

In certain neurons, the axon is covered by a(n) ________ sheath.

distinct circulatory

A heart pumps blood around the body via two ________ pathways.

stomach

storage tank with low pH (protein digestion)

small intestine

site of nutrient absorption

large intestine

absorbs water and dissolved minerals

salivary glands

moistens food bolus (starch digestion)

pancreas

secretes key enzymes into small intestine

liver

metabolizes absorbed nutrients (produces bile)

gallbladder

stores and secretes bile (emulsifies fats)

they are adaptive (i.e they produce heightened response upon re-exposure

there is immunological memory)

1st line

surface barriers (skin/mucus)

2nd line

innate immunity (non-specific)

3rd line of defense

adaptive immunity

Extrinsic

smoking, asbestos, radiation exposure

hence, leptin treatments for obese people are ineffective (obesity linked to leptin unresponsiveness

not a deficiency)