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Henry George/Progress and Poverty
A journalist who published 'Progress and Poverty' and believed that land belongs to all as a natural resource.
Lester Frank Ward/Dynamic Sociology
An American sociologist who argued humans can think ahead and make plans to influence future outcomes, differing from Darwinism.
Edward Bellamy/Looking Backward, 2000-1887
An author of the novel about a perfect society in the year 2000, with no crime, poverty, or politics.
Naturalism
A philosophy suggesting that some people fail in life due to circumstances beyond their control, emphasizing the role of environment.
Social Gospel Movement
A movement to improve living conditions in urban areas guided by biblical ideals of charity and justice.
Washington Gladden
A minister from Columbus, Ohio, who applied 'Christian law' to social problems.
Walter Rauschenbusch
A Baptist minister who dedicated years to serving in a poor New York neighborhood.
William Booth/Salvation Army
The founder of this social welfare organization aimed at helping the needy through practical aid and religious counseling.
YMCA
Young Men's Christian Association, which aimed to assist industrial workers and the urban poor.
Dwight L. Moody/Revivalism
President of the Chicago YMCA and organizer of religious revivals to bring people back to church.
Jane Addams/Hull House
A reformer who established Hull House to improve living conditions for the poor.
Settlement Houses
Establishments where middle-class residents lived with and helped poor residents, often immigrants.
Lillian Wald/Henry Street Settlement
A reformer who provided medical care, recreation, and various services to immigrants and factory workers.
Americanization
The process of assimilating immigrants into American culture through education.
Booker T. Washington/Tuskegee Institute
An influential educator and reformer who promoted vocational training for African Americans.
Morrill Land Grant Act
An act providing federal land grants to states to establish agricultural and mechanical colleges.
Vassar, Wellesley, Smith
Private women's colleges established during the late 19th century.
Gilded Age
A term for the era in American history from 1870 to 1900 characterized by rapid economic growth and social issues.
Individualism
The belief that anyone can rise in society regardless of humble beginnings.
Edward Atkinson
A wealthy cotton manufacturer who encouraged his employees that they could rise to prosperity.
Horatio Alger
An author known for his 'rags-to-riches' stories promoting individualism.
Social Darwinism
The theory that applies the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to social and economic phenomena.
John Fiske
A historian who popularized the idea of Social Darwinism in American thought.
William Graham Sumner
A political scientist known for promoting Social Darwinism.
Charles Darwin/On the Origin of Species
The scientist whose work introduced the theory of natural selection.
Philanthropy
The act of using wealth to promote social progress and improve society.
Realism
A movement in art and literature that aims to portray everyday life accurately without idealization.
Thomas Eakins
An artist associated with the realism movement.
William Dean Howells
A writer known for realistic descriptions of American life.
Samuel Clemens/Mark Twain
An author who created realistic stories like 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'.
Edith Wharton
A Pulitzer Prize-winning author who wrote about the lives of upper-class society.
Saloon
A community center for male workers offering free newspapers and social space.
Coney Island
An amusement park in New York that became a popular recreational destination.
James Naismith
The creator of basketball, originally from Canada.
Vaudeville
A variety entertainment featuring different acts, popular in the late 19th century.
Ragtime
A lively music genre that emerged in the late 19th century.
Scott Joplin
A famous African American composer known for his ragtime music.
