Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 7 and 8 Test Review

Skeletal System

Consists of the bones, joints, and cartilage and ligaments associated with the joints

Red bone marrow

Produces blood cells

Long bones

found in the arms, forearms, palms, fingers, thighs, legs, and instep; longer than they are wide

Short bones

shaped like cubes and are found primarily in wrist and ankles

Flat Bones

Thin, flat, and curved; form the ribs, breastbone, cranium, and bones of the shoulder girdle

Irregular Bones

differently shaped and are not classified as long, short, or flat; include the hip bones, vertebrae, and various bones in the skull

Osseous tissue

bone tissue

Ossification

the process of bone formation

Osteoblasts

bone cells; secrete an intercellular matrix containing calcium, other minerals, and protein fibers; mature into osteocytes that sit within the hard bone matrix and maintain the bone

Compact and spongy

two types of bones

Compact bone

consists of many Haversian systems running parallel to each other

Haversian system

the microscopic unit of compact bone; osteon; consists of mature osteocytes arranged in concentric circles around large blood vessels

Spongy bone

Cancellous; bone tissue is arranged in plates called trabeculae; these plates are separated by holes that give spongy bone a punched out Swiss cheese appearance; short, flat, and irregular bones, and at the ends of long bones

Diaphysis

the long shaft of the bone; composed primarily of compact bone and therefore provides considerable strength

Epiphysis

the enlarged ends of the long bone; consists of a thin layer of compact bone overlaying spongy bone

Epiphyseal Disc

growth plate; site where longitudinal growth occurs

Medullary Cavity

Hollow center of the diaphysis; filled with red bone marrow for blood cell production; in adults is filled with yellow bone marrow and stores fat

Periosteum

tough, fibrous, connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis; protects the bone, serves as a point of attachment for muscle, and contains the blood vessels that nourish the underlying bone

Articular Cartilage

Found on the outer surface of the epiphysis; forms a smooth shiny surface that decreases friction within a joint

articulation

joint

Osteoclasts

bone destroying cells

Bone resorption

the process by which osteoclasts break down bone matrix; widens the bone and moves calcium from the bone to the blood

Bone surface markings

the surface of bone appears irregular and bumpy as a result of numerous ridges, projections, depressions, and grooves

Condyle

a large rounded knob that usually articulates with another bone

Epicondyle

an enlargement near or above a condyle

head

an enlarged and rounded end of a bone

Facet

a small flattened surface

Crest

a ridge on a bone

Process

a prominent projection on a bone

Spine

a sharp projection

Tubercle(tuberosity)

a knoblike projection

Trochanter

a larger tuberosity found only on the femur

Foramen

an opening through a bone; usually serves as a passageway for nerves, blood vessels, and ligaments

Fossa

a depression or groove

Meatus

a tunnel or tubelike passageway

Sinus

a cavity or hollow space

Axial and Appendicular

the skeletal is divided into two sections

Axial Skeleton

includes the bones of the cranium, face, middle ear bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and bony thorax

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes the bones of the pelvic girdles, the upper extremities(arms, forearms, wrist, palms, and fingers) and lower extremities(thighs, legs, ankles, instep, and toes)

Skull

consists of the cranium and facial bones

Frontal bone

forms the forehead and upper part of the bony structure surrounding the eyes

Parietal Bones

the two bones form the upper side of the head and the roof of the cranial cavity(top of the head)

Temporal Bones

bones found on the side of the head, close to the ears, commonly called the temples; include the external auditory meatus, and zygomatic process

External auditory meatus

an opening for the ear

Zygomatic process

process which articulates with the cheekbone

Styloid process

a sharp projection used as a point of attachment for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx

Mastoid process

forms part of attachment for some muscles of the neck

Occipital Bone

located at the back and base of the cranium

Foramen Magnum

Large whole in the occipital bone that allows the brain stem to extend downward and become the spinal cord

occipital condyles

bony projections on either side of the foramen magnum that sit on the first vertebra of the vertebral column

Sphenoid bone

butterfly shaped bone that forms part of the floor and sides of the cranium; helps form the orbits surrounding the eyes

Sella Turcica

depression in the midline of the sphenoid bone that forms the seat for the pituitary gland

Ethmoid bone

an irregularly shaped bone located between the eye orbits; it's the major supporting bony structure of the nasal cavity

Mandible

lower jaw bone, carries the lower teeth; anterior portion forms the chin; only freely movable joint in the skull

Maxilla

composed of two bones that are fused together in order to form the upper jaw; carries the upper teeth

Palatine bones

two palatine bones form the posterior part of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity

Zygomatic Bones

the cheek bones; also form part of the orbits of the eyes

Facial bones

lacrimal bones, vomer, and inferior nasal conchae

Sinuses

air filled cavities located in several of the bones of the skull; lessen the weight of the skull, and they modulate the sound of the voice

Paranasal sinuses

frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and maxillary sinus

Sinusitis

inflammation of the sinus

Suture

join together the bones of the skull; like a zipper

Fontanels

membraneous gap between the cranial bones of an infant's skull

Hyoid bone

U shaped bone in the upper neck that anchors the tongue and is associating with swallowing

Vertebral column(also called backbone)

consists of 26 bones, called vertebrae, forms a supporting structure for the head and thorax, forms an attachment for the pelvic girdle, encases and protects the spinal cord; provides flexibility for the body; vertebrae are named according to location

Cervical vertebrae

located in the neck region(C1-C7)

Thoracic vertebrae

located in the chest region(T1-T12)

Lumbar vertebrae

located in the lower back region(L1-L5)

Sacrum

5 sacral vertebrae fuse into one and forms the posterior of the pelvis; four small vertebrae fuse into the tail bone

Coccyx

tailbone

Atlas

the first cervical vertebrae(C1) has no body but has depressions into which fit the bony projections of the occipital bone of the skull ; supports the skull and allows us to nod

Axis

the second cervical vertebrae (C2)has a projection called the "dens" which fits into the atlas and acts as a pivot or swivel for the atlas

Abnormal curvatures of the Spine

Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis

Scoliosis

lateral curve of the spine

Kyphosis

exaggerated thoracic curvature; sometimes called hunchback and can impair breathing

Lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curvature that is sometimes called swayback

Thorax

term that refers to the chest region

Sternum

Breastbone, dagger shaped bone located in the midline of the anterior chest; consists of the manubrium, body, xiophoid process

Xiophoid process

the tip of the sternum and serves as a point of attachment for some abdominal muscles; landmark for CPR

True Ribs

The top seven pairs of ribs attached directly to the sternum by the costal cartilage

False Ribs

The next five pairs of ribs attach indirectly to the sternum by cartilage or do not attach at all

Floating Ribs

the bottom two pairs of false ribs that lack sternal attachment

Appendicular Skeleton

composed of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

Pectoral girdle

also called the shoulder girdle, contains the clavicle(collarbone) and scapula(depression in the shoulder girdle); supports the upper limbs and serves as a point of attachment for the muscles

Scapula

shoulder blade or the wing bone; large flat bone shaped like a triangle; articulates with the clavicle and serves as a point of attachment for the arm and the chest muscles

Glenoid cavity

on the scapula; site where the head of the humerous(arm bone) fits, thereby allowing you to rotate your arm at the shoulder

Upper limbs

contain the bones of the arm, forearm, and hand

Humerus

the arm bone; contains several processes that allow the distal end to articulate with the bones of the forearm

Olecranon Fossa

the depression of the humerus that holds the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is extended

Radius

one of the two bones of the forearm; located on the lateral side or thumb side when the hand is facing forward; the head articulates with the humerus and proximal ulna; the distal end articulates with the wrist bones

Ulna

the second bone in the forearm; located on the medial side or little finger side; it articulates with the humerus and radius proximally; and with the radius distally

Hand

composed of a wrist, palm, and fingers

Carpal bones

eight bones that make up the wrist

Metacarpals

five bones that make up the palm of the hand

Phalanges

the fourteen finger bones or digits

Pelvic Girdle

composed of two coxal bones that articulate with each other anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly; bears the weight of the body

Pelvis

formed by the pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx

Coxal Bone

Hip bone; composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

Acetabulum

the ilium, ischium, and pubis joined together; receives the head of the femur and enables the thigh to rotate at the hip joint

Ilium

Largest part of the coxal bone, flared upper part of the bone; produces blood cells and is a site for bone marrow biopsy