Child Development Ch.3

lamaze

breathing, relaxation techniques

bradley method

as natural as possible. no meds and no doctors

water birthing

warmth and buoyancy sooths and eases birth

lotus birth

leave the umbilical cord intact until natural separation (3-10 days)

doula

provides emotional and education support

medicated childbirth

pain is relieved through medication

birth

occurs when the fetus passes through the vagina and emerges from the mothers body

braxton-hicks contractions

false labor or practice contractions. helps the body prep for labor. not consistent, do not intensify, less painful, only felt in the front of the abdomen, diminish with movement.

positive feedback loop

the product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction

possible early signs of labor

abdominal cramping, bloody show (mucus plug is expelled and accompanied by blood), diarrhea, water breaking

1st stage of labor

longest stage. varies 12-16 hours. longer for first time mothers. contractions get closer together and longer in duration. cervix dilates to 10cm. cervix effaces

2nd stage of labor

typically lasts 20 minutes to a couple hours. baby’s head moves through birth canal and is expelled.

3rd stage of labor

usually within 20-30 minutes. baby’s umbilical cord and placenta are expelled. cord is clamped and cut

efface

softening, shortening, and thinning of the cervix

episiotomy

incision to widen birth canal; many providers try to avoid and allow for natural tearing

IV pain meds

transfer to the infant

epidural

meds injected into the spine; numbness from the waist down

walking epidural

cannot really walk but there is feeling in the legs

cesarean delivery

surgical removal from the uterus. considered major surgery. occur because of health problems with the mother, signs of baby distress, birth canal being too small or large, position of the baby, or the mother chooses to do so.

apgar test/score

used to describe the physical state of the baby at birth. done at 1 and 5 minutes

reflexes

involuntary responses that occur automatically with certain stimuli

reflexes for sustenance

sucking, swallowing, rooting

avoiding bothersome stimuli

coughing, sneezing, blinking, withdrawing, gagging

newborn medical screening

can be done for hundreds of disorders and diseases. conducted using blood from the baby’s heel. parents can decline

average baby length

about 20 inches

vernix

a thick, greasy, white substance

lanugo

a fine, dark fuzz

preterm infants

born before 37 weeks

low birthweight infants

born lighter than 5.5 lbs1\`

small-for-gestational-age infants

born weighing less than the 10th percentile

very-low-birthweight infants

born less than 2.25 pounds or before 30 weeks

age of viability

ability to survive outside the womb. generally considered 24 weeks.

risks of early and small babies

vulnerable to infections, easily overwhelmed with sensations, breathing may be interrupted, jerky movements

possible causes for early and small babies

difficulties with the mother’s reproductive system, immaturity of the reproductive system, becoming pregnant within 6 moths of delivery, older male partners, general health of mother, teratogens

post mature infants

2 or more weeks late. may induce labor

issues with post mature infants

placenta may not be able to keep up with the fetus and labor may be riskier with bigger babies

miscarriage

intrauterine death less than 20 weeks

fetal demise

intrauterine death at 20 or more weeks

low birth weight

most closely related factor to death within the first year of life

bonding

feelings of attachment and connection between parent and child during the period immediately following birth

physical stimulation

touch or massage soon after birth that leads to the production of chemicals which instigate growth

baby blues

experienced by most women. may last up to two weeks. mood swings, crying spells, anxiety, difficulty sleeping

postpartum depression

depression following birth which lasts longer than 2 weeks. affects 10% of all mothers. more likely for mothers with a history of depression, first-time moms, younger than 25 years old, moms of twins/multiples

postpartum psychosis

a break with reality. affects approximately 1 in 500 mothers