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Element
A substance made from one kind of atom.
Compound
A substance made from two or more elements chemically combined.
Mixture
A combination of elements and compounds that are not chemically combined.
Fixed Ratios
Proportions in which atoms combine to create compounds, often resulting in full outer electron shells.
Homogeneous Mixture
A mixture with a uniform composition and properties throughout.
Heterogeneous Mixture
A mixture with a non-uniform composition, where separate components can often be seen.
Filtration
A technique used to separate an undissolved solid from a liquid in a mixture.
Centrifugation
A separation technique that uses centrifugal force to separate components of different densities.
Crystallization
A process used to separate a dissolved solid from a solution as it cools.
Recrystallization
A method for purifying impure solids by dissolving them in a hot solvent.
Simple Distillation
A method used to separate a liquid from a solution based on boiling points.
Fractional Distillation
A more complex form of distillation used to separate mixtures of liquids with close boiling points.
Paper Chromatography
A technique for separating substances based on their solubilities in a solvent.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
The theory that explains the behavior of gases in terms of particles in constant motion.
Solid
A state of matter with a fixed volume and shape, characterized by tightly packed particles.
Liquid
A state of matter with a fixed volume but adaptable shape, where particles slide past each other.
Gas
A state of matter without fixed volume or shape, with particles moving randomly and rapidly.
Evaporation
The process of a liquid turning into a gas at temperatures below its boiling point.
Boiling
The rapid change of a liquid into vapor at a specific temperature when vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
Saturated Solution
A solution in which no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature.
Temperature (K)
The absolute temperature measurement in Kelvin, directly related to the kinetic energy of particles.
Absolute Zero
The lowest possible temperature, 0 K, where particles possess no kinetic energy.
Solubility
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
Boiling Point
The temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure equals the external pressure, causing it to boil.
Chemical Reaction
A process in which substances (reactants) undergo a change to form new substances (products).
Atom
The smallest unit of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction.
Energy Change
A variation in energy that occurs during chemical reactions or state changes.
Adsorption
The process by which atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid adhere to a surface.
Magnetism
The physical phenomenon produced by the motion of electric charge, resulting in attractive and repulsive forces.
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