Bio Chapter 5

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21 Terms

1

What does the Fluid Mosaic Model describe?

A cell membrane's structure as a mosaic of various proteins embedded in or attached to a fluid lipid bilayer.

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2

Why is the plasma membrane referred to as 'selectively permeable'?

It regulates what substances can enter or exit the cell.

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3

Define passive transport.

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy.

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4

What is diffusion?

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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5

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

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6

What is tonicity?

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

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7

What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

The cell shrinks as water moves out of the cell.

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8

Define facilitated diffusion.

A process by which molecules diffuse across the membrane with the help of transport proteins.

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9

What is active transport?

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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10

What is the Na/K pump?

A mechanism that pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, against their gradients.

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11

What is exocytosis?

The process by which a cell expels large molecules by engulfing them in a vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane.

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12

What is endocytosis?

The process by which a cell takes in large molecules by engulfing them in a vesicle.

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13

What are exergonic reactions?

Chemical reactions that release energy.

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14

What are endergonic reactions?

Chemical reactions that require an input of energy to proceed.

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15

What is ATP?

A molecule that carries energy within cells for metabolism.

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16

Compare ADP and ATP.

ADP (adenosine diphosphate) has two phosphate groups, while ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has three; ATP is energy-rich, ADP is lower in energy.

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17

What is a catalyst?

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.

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18

How do enzymes lower energy barriers?

By providing an alternative pathway for a reaction with a lower activation energy.

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19

What is the catalytic cycle of an enzyme?

The series of steps in which an enzyme binds to substrate, catalyzes the reaction, and releases products.

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20

What is feedback inhibition?

A regulatory mechanism whereby the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme involved in its production.

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21

Name an example of an enzyme inhibitor.

Drugs like aspirin, which inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes involved in inflammation.

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