Unit 6

Industrial Capitalism

Led to increased standards of living and improved manufacturing methods, enhancing availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.

Imperialism

States expanded overseas empires and established new colonies, leading to migration pattern changes and increased numbers of migrants.

Nationalism

Motivated imperialism by seeking more territory for prestige and power, with the belief in a nation's superiority.

German Unification

Led by Otto von Bismarck through wars of unification, creating the Second Reich as a strong industrial and military power in Europe.

Italian Unification

Achieved through efforts of leaders like Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, uniting Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.

Colonialism

Included settler colonies and exploitation colonialism, exemplified by Belgian Congo's exploitation under Leopold II.

Sepoy Mutiny

First violent response to imperialism in India, leading to British control and policies that transformed the economy.

Scramble for Africa

European powers divided Africa at the Berlin Conference, leading to conflicts, ignoring ethnic rivalries, and contributing to World War I.

Japan's Opening

Resulted from pressure by the U.S., leading to the Treaty of Kanagawa, unequal treaties with Western nations, and modernization.

Spanish-American War

Fought over Cuba's independence, resulted in Cuba's independence, U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Philippine-American War (1898-1902)

Conflict between the U.S. and Filipino forces led by Emilio Aguinaldo for independence from U.S. rule.

American Anti-Imperialist League (1899)

Group opposing imperialism, believing it was immoral and would harm American virtue and economy.

Meiji Restoration (1868 - 1912)

Period in Japan where Emperor Meiji modernized the country, adopting Western ways and technologies.

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

Conflict where Japan defeated China, gaining Korean territory and proving its equality to the West.

Battle of Adwa (1896)

Successful resistance by Ethiopia against European colonization, led by Emperor Menelik II.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Western powers over trade imbalances and economic control, leading to unequal treaties.

Second Opium War

Extension of the first war, involving more Western powers and carving China into spheres of influence.

Commodity

Goods bought and sold on the market, reorganizing colonial economies for export to benefit imperial powers.

Causes of Migration

Economic, technological, and demographic factors leading to mass movements of people seeking work and opportunities.

Nativism

Policy favoring native-born citizens over immigrants, often leading to tensions and discrimination in receiving societies.

Nativist Resistance

Opposition towards immigrants rooted in ethnic prejudice or fear of cultural differences.

Irish Marginalization

The discrimination and marginalization faced by Irish immigrants in the United States.

Chinese Exclusion Act

A U.S. law that banned almost all Chinese immigration to the country.

White Australia Policy

A policy passed by the British Government to restrict Chinese immigration into Australia.

Government Policies

Acts and laws implemented by governments to limit the number of immigrants in a country.