Study Guide: Momentum, Energy, Matter, Sound Waves, Respiration, Voice, and Vowels

Momentum

The product of an object's mass and velocity, measuring its motion.

Inertia

An object's resistance to changes in motion, which is dependent on its mass.

Work

A measure of energy transfer, calculated as force multiplied by distance.

Solid

A state of matter with a fixed shape and volume.

Liquid

A state of matter with a fixed volume that adapts its shape to its container.

Gas

A state of matter with no fixed shape or volume, expanding to fill its container.

Vibration

A repetitive back-and-forth motion of particles that produces sound.

Wave

A disturbance that transfers energy through a medium.

Transverse Wave

A wave where particles move perpendicular to the wave direction.

Longitudinal Wave

A wave where particles move parallel to the wave direction.

Compression

A region in longitudinal waves where air molecules are close together.

Frequency

The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time, often related to pitch in sound.

Amplitude

The maximum extent of a wave’s vibration, related to loudness in sound.

Decibels

The unit of measurement for sound intensity.

Hertz

The unit of frequency, indicating cycles per second.

Wavelength

The distance between two peaks of a wave.

Pitch

The perceived frequency of a sound, determining how high or low it sounds.

Loudness

The perception of a sound's intensity, determined by its amplitude.

Pure Tone

A sound consisting of a single frequency.

Complex Tone

A sound that is a combination of multiple frequencies.

Fundamental Frequency

The lowest frequency of a sound wave, fundamental to complex tones.

Periodic Sound

Sound that repeats at regular intervals, such as musical notes.

Aperiodic Sound

Sound without a repeating pattern, such as noise.

In-Phase

Sound waves that combine to increase amplitude, resulting in constructive interference.

Out-of-Phase

Sound waves that cancel each other out, resulting in destructive interference.

Resonance

The phenomenon where an object vibrates at its natural frequency due to an external force.

Standing Wave

A wave pattern formed by the interference of two waves in a fixed space, featuring nodes and antinodes.

Harmonics

Whole-number multiples of a fundamental frequency in a sound wave.

Forced Vibration

When one vibrating object forces another object to vibrate at the same frequency.

Boyle’s Law

The law stating that pressure and volume are inversely related in a gas.

Viscoelasticity

The property of vocal folds to deform and return to their shape, crucial for sound production.

Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory

A theory describing how muscular, elastic, and airflow forces interact in voice production.

Jitter

The variation in pitch, indicating frequency instability.

Shimmer

The variation in loudness, indicating amplitude instability.

Maximum Phonation Time

The longest duration a person can sustain a vowel sound.

Lesion Impact

The effect of lesions on vocal folds, which can reduce glottal efficiency and voice quality.

Spectrogram

A visual representation that shows the spectrum of sound frequencies over time.

Source-Filter Theory

The theory explaining sound production as a combination of vocal fold vibration and the resonating vocal tract.

F1 and F2

Formants related to the tongue's height (F1) and advancement (F2) in vowel production.

Vocal Tract Boundaries

The anatomical limits from the lips to the vocal folds.