Study Guide: Momentum, Energy, Matter, Sound Waves, Respiration, Voice, and Vowels

Momentum, Energy, and Matter

1. Increasing Mass or Speed and Stopping Ability

• As an object's mass or speed increases, it becomes harder to stop due to greater momentum. More force or time is required to bring the object to a stop.

2. Momentum and Inertia

• Momentum (p) = mass × velocity. It measures the motion of an object.

• Inertia is an object's resistance to changes in motion, dependent on mass.

3. Scientific Explanation of Work

• Work (W) = force × distance. Work occurs when a force moves an object over a distance in the direction of the force.

4. Three States of Matter

• Solid: Fixed shape and volume.

• Liquid: Fixed volume, but shape adapts to its container.

• Gas: No fixed shape or volume, expands to fill a container.

Sound Waves

1. What is Vibration?

• A vibration is a repetitive back-and-forth motion of particles that produces sound.

2. What is a Wave?

• A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium (e.g., air, water).

3. Transverse vs. Longitudinal Waves

• Transverse Waves: Particles move perpendicular to the wave direction (e.g., light waves).

• Longitudinal Waves: Particles move parallel to the wave direction (e.g., sound waves).

4. Compressions and Rarefactions in Longitudinal Waves

• Compression: Region where air molecules are close together.

• Rarefaction: Region where air molecules are spread apart.

5. Three Properties of Sound Waves

• Frequency (pitch)

• Amplitude (loudness)

• Speed (how fast sound travels through a medium)

6. Unit of Speech Intensity

• Decibels (dB)

7. Unit of Frequency

• Hertz (Hz)

8. Wavelength and Frequency Relationship

• Wavelength is the distance between two peaks of a wave.

• Higher frequency = shorter wavelength; lower frequency = longer wavelength.

9. Effect of Medium on Sound Speed

• Sound travels faster in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases due to particle density.

10. Perception of Pitch and Loudness

• Pitch: Determined by frequency. Higher frequency = higher pitch.

• Loudness: Determined by amplitude. Greater amplitude = louder sound.

11. Pure vs. Complex Tones

• Pure Tone: Single frequency wave.

• Complex Tone: Combination of multiple frequencies.

12. Fundamental Frequency

• The lowest frequency in a complex sound wave.

13. Aperiodic vs. Periodic Sounds

• Periodic Sound: Repeats at regular intervals (e.g., musical notes).

• Aperiodic Sound: No repeating pattern (e.g., noise).

14. In-Phase vs. Out-of-Phase Sound Waves

• In-Phase: Waves combine, increasing amplitude (constructive interference).

• Out-of-Phase: Waves cancel each other out (destructive interference).

15. Resonance

• When an object vibrates at its natural frequency due to an external force.

16. Standing Wave

• A wave pattern created when two waves interfere in a fixed space, producing points of no movement (nodes) and maximum movement (antinodes).

17. Harmonics

• Whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency.

18. Forced Vibration

• When one vibrating object causes another to vibrate at the same frequency.

Respiration

1. Locations of Key Structures

• Lungs: Chest cavity

• Diaphragm: Below the lungs

• Trachea: Windpipe, below the larynx

• Vocal Folds (VFs): Inside the larynx

• Larynx: Voice box, above the trachea

• Pharynx: Throat, behind the nasal/oral cavities

• Oral Cavity: Mouth

2. Process of Inhalation and Exhalation

• Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles expand the ribcage, air rushes in.

• Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes, ribcage contracts, air is pushed out.

3. Boyle’s Law

• Pressure and volume are inversely related: When lung volume increases, air pressure decreases (air flows in). When lung volume decreases, air pressure increases (air flows out).

4. Lungs Composition and Elastic Properties

• Made of spongy tissue with elastic properties that help return to resting state after expansion.

5. Posture and Breathing

• Good posture allows for full lung expansion and efficient breathing.

6. Speech Breathing vs. Quiet Breathing

• Speech Breathing: Controlled exhalation to sustain speech.

• Quiet Breathing: Inhalation and exhalation are more passive.

Voice

1. Key Anatomical Locations

• Esophagus: Behind the trachea

• Epiglottis: Covers the airway during swallowing

• Vocal Folds (VFs): Inside the larynx

• Arytenoids: Cartilages controlling VF movement

• Thyroid Cartilage: Protects the VFs

• Glottis: Opening between the VFs

2. Abducted vs. Adducted Vocal Folds

• Abducted: Open for breathing.

• Adducted: Closed for phonation.

3. Layers of the Vocal Folds

1. Epithelium

2. Superficial and intermediate layers of the lamina propria

3. Vocalis muscle

4. Passive VF Vibration

• Vibration is driven by air pressure, elasticity, and the Bernoulli effect.

5. Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory

• Muscular, elastic, and airflow forces interact to create voice production.

6. Three Functions of the VFs

1. Protect the airway

2. Regulate airflow

3. Produce sound

7. Viscoelasticity

• The ability of the VFs to deform and return to shape, crucial for vibration.

8. Three Factors Affecting VF Frequency

• Mass: More mass = lower pitch.

• Tension: More tension = higher pitch.

• Length: Longer folds = lower pitch.

Instrumentation Terms

1. Jitter

• Variation in pitch (frequency instability).

2. Shimmer

• Variation in loudness (amplitude instability).

3. Maximum Phonation Time

• Longest time a person can sustain a vowel.

4. Lesion Impact on Glottal Efficiency

• A lesion (e.g., nodule) can reduce VF closure, affecting voice quality.

5. Spectrogram

• A visual representation of sound frequencies over time.

Vowels

1. Source-Filter Theory

• Sound Source: Vocal fold vibration.

• Resonator: Vocal tract.

• Harmonics: Overtones of the fundamental frequency.

• Formants: Resonant frequencies of the vocal tract.

2. Vocal Tract Boundaries

• Lips to vocal folds.

3. F1 and F2

• F1: Related to tongue height.

• F2: Related to tongue advancement.

4. Identifying F1 and F2 on a Spectrogram

• Darker bands show formants, with F1 lower and F2 higher.