Academic vocabulary and language

Boys vs Girls

Boys outperform girls in math, and girls outperform boys in literature.

Behavioral engagement

Learning activities involved in academic settings.

Emotional engagement

How much students like their school.

Cognitive engagement

A self-regulated approach where students push themselves in their learning.

Motivation to do school

Predicts academic performance; low motivation causes further declines.

Choice Matters

Success does not equal enjoyment, but having choices increases motivation.

Goal orientation

Performance (outcome) vs. mastery (learning) goal orientation.

Expectations for success

Belief in one's capabilities positively predicts grades/performance.

Test anxiety

Affects performance through worry and negative emotions.

Task value

Subjective value assigned to a task, influenced by interest and emotional stress.

Parenting context

Providing emotional warmth, support, information, and guidance.

Peers context

Assist one another in academic efforts.

Bidirectional (Peer context)

Peer similarity in academic engagement influences performance, positively or negatively.

Entity orientation

Fixed mindset where abilities are seen as innate.

Incremental/mastery orientation

Belief that skills can improve over time, not fixed.